RIZALCHAPTER 20Two weeks after the publication of Essays

RIZALCHAPTER 20Two weeks after the publication of the El Filibusterismo, Rizal left Ghent for Paris where he stayed for a few days to bid good bye to his friends.From Paris, he rode a train to Marseilles where he boarded the steamer Melbourne, bound for Hong Kong.He brought with him a recommendation letter given by Juan Luna addressed to Manuel Camus, a compatriot living in Singapore plus 600 copies of the El Filibusterismo.FAREWELL TO EUROPEAfter the publication of El Filibusterismo, Rizal left Europe for Hong Kong and stayed there for 7 months.He decided to leave Europe because of the following reasons:Political differences with M.H. del Pilar and other compatriots in Spain.To be near the Philippines and his familyThere were 80 passengers, mostly Europeans and Rizal was the only Asian.There was an incident involving Rizal and the German ladies but eventually, the latter end up treating the former with admiration and respect.MELBOURNENovember 20, 1891Rizal was welcomed by Filipino r esidents headed by his friend Jose Maria Basa.He stayed in No. 5 D' Aguilar Street, No. 2 Rednaxola Terrace where he opened his clinic.RIZAL ARRIVED IN HKDecember 1, 1891Sent a letter to Rizal informing him about the sad news of the "deportation of 25 persons from Calamba, including his father, Neneng, Sisa, Lucia, Paciano and the rest of us".He also told Rizal that he wrote a letter addressed to the Queen Regent of Spain explaining their situation and if the Queen will not listen, then, he will ask Queen Victoria of England for help.MANUEL HIDALGO Before Christmas of 1891, Don Francisco, Paciano and Silvestre Ubaldo arrived in Hong Kong. Days after Dona Teodora, Lucia and Josefa and Trinidad also arrived.Dona Teodora - then 65 years old and almost blind.She suffered so much from the hands of the SpaniardsIn 1890, she was arrested on the flimsy charge of not using her surname Realonda, despite of her age and blindness she was forced by the officers to walk from Calamba to Santa Cruz .RIZAL FAMILY REUNITED IN HONG KONGThe Christmas of 1891 is the happiest celebration in Rizal's lifeAsing - Rizal's cook in Hong KongJanuary 31, 1892 "Here we are all together, my parents, sisters and brother, in peace and far from the persecutionsbthey suffered in the Philippines. They are very much please with the english government" -RizalIn order to earn a living for himself, Rizal practiced medicine.Dr. Lorenzo Marques - a Portuguese physician who became his friend and admirer, helped him to build up a wide clientele.In due time Rizal became a successful and well-known medical practitioner in the British Colony.RIZAL OPTO SURGEON IN HKHe successfully operated his mother's eyes so that she was able to read and write again.Aside from being an eye specialist, Rizal was also a general practitioner, because there was an epidemic Because of the hardship of the Calamba folks under Gov. Gen. Valeriano Weyler, Rizal conceived the establishment of a Filipino colony in North Borneo (Sabah ).He planned to move the landless Filipino families to that rich British owned island.On March 7, 1892, Rizal went to Sandakan on board the ship Menon to negotiate with the British authorities.BORNEO COLONIZATION PROJECTThe British authorities of Borneo were willing to give the Filipino colonists 100,000 acres of land, a beautiful Offered a fine program of governmentRizal offered his cooperation to him but he did not even acknowledged. harbor and a good government for 999 years, free of all charges.Manuel Hidalgo - objected to the projectOffered a fine program of governmentRizal offered his cooperation to him but he did not even acknowledged.La Liga Filipina - The Philippine LeagueRizal drafted its constitution while he was in Hong Kong with the help of Jose Maria Basa.Motto: One Like All (Unus Instar Omnium)Membership is based on endorsements and passing certain tests.Three levels of organizational councils:Popular ProvincialSupreme BASIS OF LA LIGAUnification of the whole archipel ago into a vigorous, compact bodyMutual protection in every part and necessityDefense against all forms of violence and injusticeStimulation of instruction, agriculture and commerceUndertaking of study and application of reformsAIMS OF LA LIGATo confer with Governor Despujol regarding his Borneo colonization projectTo establish the La Liga Filipina in ManilaTo prove that Eduardo de Lete was wrong in attacking him in Madrid that he, being comfortable and safe

Free Essays on Data Analysis

Field Essay: Regulatory -Making in the American States: A Review of Theories and Evidence Brian Gerber, State University of New York, Stony Brook Paul Teske, State University of New York, Stony Brook While most studies of the determinants of regulatory policy-making have concentrated on national-level issues, state-level regulatory politics represent a productive opportunity to examine the efficacy of competing theories of the regulatory process over variable political, economic, and demographic conditions. In this paper we discuss the significance of state-level regulation to broader theoretical understandings of policy-making. We review a broad set of recent empirical work in the context of three models of policy-making: principal-agent theory, Gormley's salience and complexity model, and Lowry's dimensions of federalism model. The relative effectiveness of the three approaches in explaining the dynamics of political controls or influences over state-level regulation is assessed in order to point to future theoretic directions for the field. We conclude by suggesting the need for a greater integration of incentive-based and issues-based explanations of regulatory policy choices in the states. Research Question: Is regulatory Policy-Making in the American states merely a review of theories and evidence? Hypothesis: State-Level regulations of policy-making are significant in the broadening of theoretical understandings of general policy making. Study Design/Method: Political Scientist review a broad set of recent empirical work in the context of three models of policy making: principal agent theory, salience and complexity model and dimensions of federalism model. Conclusion: The conclusion was to suggest the need for a greater integration of incentive-based and issue based explanations of regulatory policy choices in the states.... Free Essays on Data Analysis Free Essays on Data Analysis Field Essay: Regulatory -Making in the American States: A Review of Theories and Evidence Brian Gerber, State University of New York, Stony Brook Paul Teske, State University of New York, Stony Brook While most studies of the determinants of regulatory policy-making have concentrated on national-level issues, state-level regulatory politics represent a productive opportunity to examine the efficacy of competing theories of the regulatory process over variable political, economic, and demographic conditions. In this paper we discuss the significance of state-level regulation to broader theoretical understandings of policy-making. We review a broad set of recent empirical work in the context of three models of policy-making: principal-agent theory, Gormley's salience and complexity model, and Lowry's dimensions of federalism model. The relative effectiveness of the three approaches in explaining the dynamics of political controls or influences over state-level regulation is assessed in order to point to future theoretic directions for the field. We conclude by suggesting the need for a greater integration of incentive-based and issues-based explanations of regulatory policy choices in the states. Research Question: Is regulatory Policy-Making in the American states merely a review of theories and evidence? Hypothesis: State-Level regulations of policy-making are significant in the broadening of theoretical understandings of general policy making. Study Design/Method: Political Scientist review a broad set of recent empirical work in the context of three models of policy making: principal agent theory, salience and complexity model and dimensions of federalism model. Conclusion: The conclusion was to suggest the need for a greater integration of incentive-based and issue based explanations of regulatory policy choices in the states....

Population And Region of South and East Asia Essay

Population And Region of South and East Asia - Essay Example Nearly every mainland is made up of river valleys, highlands, coastal plains and mountainous regions. The increasing human population in the region has encroached on the tropical forests due to increasing demand for settlement and cultivation land. Although large forest lands still exist, much of the frontier has been taken up by human settlement. The settlement patterns in the region as originally influenced by natural water sources such as freshwater lakes and rivers because they were a source of food as well as a medium of transportation. Environmental factors The people of the region have greatly affected the environmental conditions in the region. Majority of the region is located within the humid tropics with the climate being determined as monsoonal. The region has attracted a number of animals such as the orangutan, the Sumatran rhino, Asian elephant, and Malayan tapir. The region has three major species of tiger namely the Malayan tiger, Sumatran tiger, and the Indochinese t iger. Some unique species of animals are found in this region such as the Komodo dragon which has been regarded as the largest living species of lizards (United Arab Emirates News Agency). Due to the surging population in the region, some of the animals in the region have been described as the endangered species due to their diminishing chances of survival. The people have destroyed the natural habitats of the animals such as the tiger and elephants besides hunting them for their precious skin and other body parts.

Incorporating the Cost of Capital Research Proposal

Incorporating the Cost of Capital - Research Proposal Example On the other hand, A negative net present value is a bad management decision. Thus, management must not push through with the planned investment. The Net present value is arrived at by the following: The managers will invest in a capital asset only if the net cash inflows are more than cost of capital. The difference between the two is the net cash inflow. The entire articles gives evidences that this very popular formula is more than just a formula. The entire journal is devoted to giving importance to the factors of sales, variable expenses and costs, as well as fixed expenses an costs. Clearly, the objective of the paper is persuade managers of the importance of cost of capital in decision making activities. The objectives are correctly stated. The objective truly draws the reader to the reasons of managers in using the various components in the cost volume profit analysis. For, the article clearly explains how the sales, variable expenses and costs as well as fixed expenses contributed to the increase and decrease of net income. The article clearly shows that cost of capital is a very important tool in determining if it would be economically profitable to infuse more money into a high monetary value assets (Schneider,1). Obviously, the objectives are correctly stated. One of the key issues considered in the article shows that cost of capital is arrived at by by including the interest expense spend fo... the net present value in determining if it is profitable to invest large sums of money in a new equipment or other similar large funded investments. The articles states that Cost Volume Profit Analysis incorporates the cost of capital. Evidently, one of the key issues considered in the article shows that cost of capital is arrived at by by including the interest expense spend for borrowing money. Further, this same article also explains that there is a strong relationship between cost of capital and factors like net revenues, variable expenses and fixed expenses. In addition, the articles tells that managers would make better decisions if the cost of capital is included in the cost volume profit analysis. The article also tells that the manager's process improvement decisions must also include financial data under product mix and pricing. This formula is the mathematical representation of the economics of producing a product. The article shows that the investment is not good if the cost of capital is more than the net cash inflow from operating the investment. On the other hand, an investment in high value items is an excellent management decision if the net cash inflow exceeds the cost of the capital. The article also discusses that increases in variable costs will decrease profits. On the other hand, increases in net revenues increases profits. Further mathematical computat ions show that net profit is the difference between the net revenues and total expenses and costs. Truly, this same article also explains that there is a strong relationship between cost of capital and factors like net revenues, variable expenses and fixed

Poverty in Texas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Poverty in Texas - Essay Example One such example is of Texas which is under the territory of United States of America. It is analyzed that around 3.8 million people living in Texas were below the poverty line specified by the government in 2006. And if the previous records are analyzed it can be said that the rate of poverty is going to increase further in the recent years (Center for Public Policy Priorities 2008). Â  Texas is the second largest state in the United States of America with an area of at least 697,200 km square. The state has an old history relating to civil unrest and wars and got independence in 1836. However, it got included in the territory of the United States later in 1861. Since then the state of Texas has been suffering from the problem of poverty. The nineteenth century can be marked as a difficult era for the state of Texas as major developments made in the region attracted the population towards the state. This made the state undergo a more financial crisis. This essay would further discuss the changes in the rate of poverty in accordance with the nineteenth century. Â  The early nineteenth century marked a development era for the state of Texas and only in this era was natural resources found in the state. In 1901 the first Oilwell was found in the state of Texas and this developed the state further. ... Â  The poverty rate by the 1920s was stabilized; however, after the great depression in 1929 things began to change again for the residents of Texas. As the Texan economy was recovering from the blow of Great Depression another disaster struck the state which is known as Dust Bowl which took place in the 1930s. This forced many of the residents living in Texas to move further towards other parts of America to survive. The new president took notice of the disasters after getting elected in 1933 and sought out deals to revive the economy. President Roosevelt provided the poor and displaced people with incentives and tried to stabilize the economy once again. The poverty rate in the state of Texas once again had stabilized as many people left the state after the disasters looking for better options. However, on the contrary, many immigrants also entered the densely populated area of Texas to look for a way to survive and this created difficulties for the state of Texas. The problem of poverty rose up to a certain level that it was once again taken into notice by the government in the 1950s and 1960s. Poverty in the United States at that time was defined as the relative income which a family would need to attain certain necessities of life in order to survive. The people who suffered poverty in the 1960s could not afford proper health and educational facilities in the state and these people were usually counted in the group of the poor ones.

Enzymatic Functioning in Bromelain from Pineapple Juice

Enzymatic Functioning in Bromelain from Pineapple Juice William Nguyen Introduction An enzyme is a biological catalyst that accelerates specific chemical reactions. It converts substrates into specific products. Most enzymes are proteins and hence have a three-dimensional structure of folded polypeptide chains. Enzymes have an optimal temperature and pH range in which they function most effectively. If changes occur that remove the enzyme out of this range it may not function effectively. This principle forms the basis of this experimental design where the increasing temperature results in the denaturing of the enzymes found in bromelain and thus lowering its catalytic effectiveness. Bromelain is a protein extract present in the fruit, leaves and stems of pineapple plants (Ananas comosus). Although it is present in all parts of the pineapple plant, the stem is the most bromelain rich part that also makes it the most common commercial source of bromelain (Rowan, Buttle Barrett, 1990, p.869-875)1. The crude aqueous extract from the pineapple fruit is known as bromelain. It is in fact a mixture of different thiolendopeptidases and other components like phosphatases, glucosidases, peroxidases, cellulases, glycoproteins, carbohydrates and protease inhibitors (Maurer, 2001, p.1234-1245)2. It is also known that the enzymes in the bromelain extract begin to denature when heated over 80 °C (Jutamongkon Charoerein, 2010, p943-948)3. Since bromelain is essentially a mixture composed of many different enzymes, its substrate spectrum is very broad. It extends from synthetic low molecular amides and dipeptides up to high molecular substrates such as fibrin, gelatin, casein and bradykinin (Cooreman, 1978, p.107-121)4. Pineapples are an excellent source of the trace element manganese which acts as an essential cofactor for many of the enzymes found in bromelain. In addition, thiamine also acts as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions central to energy production in bromelain (Joy, 2010, p.67 0-686)5. Historically, bromelain has been extracted and utilised for medicinal purposes by the natives of South and Central America. In modern society, bromelain has been proven to be effective at tenderising meat and as such, is sold commercially as powdered meat tenderisers. It has also earned universal acceptability as a phytotherapeutical drug because of its history of safe use and no side effects. In 1972, conclusive evidence that bromelain prevents aggregation of blood platelets was reported by Heinicke et al (1972, p.844-845)6. Bromelain also displays an anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect on soft tissue injuries especially in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. It has also been found to dramatically reduce post-operative swelling and pain due to these properties (Leipner, Iten Saller, 2001, p.779-789)7. Additionally, bromelain applied topically as a cream in a lipid base has shown beneficial characteristics in the debridement of eschar from severe burns and in the acceleratio n of healing. It has been commercially approved in Europe and sold under the trade name NexoBrid (Hauck, Chang Klein, 1983, p.124-134)8. Aim and Hypothesis This experiment aims to qualitatively identify the enzyme functioning found in commercially sold canned pineapple juice using background information provided by previous experiments. The rate at which gelatin is degraded in this experiment by the bromelain provides an indication of the rate of enzyme activity. The fresh pineapple sample is known to be rich in bromelain and as such, will hypothetically result in a significant amount of gelatin degradation. Boiling the pineapple juice sample over 80 °C will result in the denaturing of enzymes and should display little to no degradation of the gelatin. The canned sample in question may not display any degradation as it has undergone processing that may have disturbed the natural functioning of the enzymes in bromelain. Materials 15 test tubes 12 petri dishes 3 test tube racks 3 metal tongs 3 plastic bottles 1 thermometer 1 timer 1 macropipette 1 straw Hot water baths (35oC, 45oC, 50oC, 60oC and 90-100oC) 1 stirring rod 1 razor 1 ruler 1 fine black marker 1 water bath 1 electronic balance 1 pineapple 1 pineapple juice bottle 100g gelatin powder Methods Part A: Determining the degree of enzymatic functioning in canned pineapple juice Preparation phase/Pre-lab Place gelatin and hot water into 250mL jug and mix with stirring rod until gelatin has dissolved Pour equal amounts into 12 labelled petri dishes and place in the cool room to set for a day Make 3 pits in each dish by extracting gelatin using a straw when setting has complete Draw, measure and record the diameter of the pit made using a black marker on to the bottom of a petri dish Repeat step 4 for all petri dishes Buy a can of pineapple juice and extract 15mL of the juice into a plastic bottle labelled canned pineapple juice Purchase a fresh pineapple and cut into slices using Juice all pineapple slices and boil half the juice collected Place 15mL of boiled juice in a bottle labelled boiled pineapple juice and 15mL into a bottle labelled fresh pineapple juice Proteolytic gelation phase Divide the gelatin-petri dish samples up into 4 groups: control, boiled, canned and fresh. Leave the controlled petri dish absent of pineapple juice Pipette 3 drops of the labelled juices into corresponding petri dishes. Allocate one team member per variable group to minimise qualitative discrepancies Cover the petri dishes and allow reactions to occur for 120 minutes at room temperature Post-proteolytic gelation phase Remove cover from petri dishes and describe/record physical differences of each group. Tip any remaining juices out of the petri dishes Draw new circles around the post-liquid pits, measure and record the new diameters into results table Part B: Measuring the effect of temperature on enzymatic functioning in bromelain Preparation phase/Pre-lab Place gelatin and hot water into 250mL beaker and mix with stirring rod until gelatin has dissolved Allow the gelatin to set in the cool room for a day Cut out five 1.0 x 1.0cm cubes of gelatin using a razor blade Allocate each cube a number from 1-10 Weigh and record the weight of each cube into the results table Proteolytic gelation phase Label five test tubes from 1-5 with a black marker Place 10mL of fresh pineapple juice into each test tube Heat test tube 1 using a water bath heated at 35oC for 10 minutes Remove the test tube from the water bath, using tongs, and place into test tube rack Allow the test tube to cool down to room temperature by using a thermometer Repeat steps 3-5 using test tubes 2-5 at temperatures 45oC, 50oC, 60oC and 90oC. Placing test tubes in a bucket of crushed ice may quicken the cooling process Place allocated cubes of gelatin into respective tubes and allow to sit for 20 minutes Separate juice from the gelatin cubes and rinse with distilled water Allow gelatin cubes to completely dry Weigh the gelatin cubes and record variances in results table Results Table 1. Degree of enzymatic functioning in various types of pineapple juice Table 1 depicts data taken from part A of the experiment. Three trials were run for each type of juice to ensure reliable results. It is apparent that there is a large change in the diameter of the fresh pineapple juice samples compared to the other types tested. Whilst canned pineapple juice displayed a lower degree of change, the boiled sample however seemingly gained gelatin. The control sample did not display any changes in the diameter of the pit. Figure 1. Step 1 of the proteolytic gelation phase (Part A) Figure 2. Step 3 of the proteolytic gelation phase (Part A) Recorded Observations Many air bubbles were formed during the pipetting of juices into the gelatin pits The diameter of the gelatin pits appeared to remain the same after a period of 120 minutes for canned, control and boiled pineapple juice Visible changes in hole size observed in fresh pineapple juice samples Table 2. Effect of temperature on enzymatic functioning in bromelain Table 2 depicts data taken from part B of the experiment. Like part A, three trials were made for each variable to ensure reliable data. As temperature applied to the juice increases, it is evident that the degree of weight loss of the gelatin decreased. However, test tube 2 displayed a result that deviated from this trend as the weight loss (%) dropped then rose again. The control sample displayed the highest amount of weight loss of the gelatin cube. The trend (not inclusive of the control) is represented in the figure below. Figure 3. Effect of temperature on enzymatic functioning in bromelain ­Ã‚ ­ Figure 4. Step 3 of proteolytic gelation phase (Part B) Figure 5. Step 4 of proteolytic gelation phase (Part B) Recorded Observations Fresh pineapple juice retained a cloudy, yellow colour with froth formation on the surface of the juice During the cooling period, the pineapple pulp separates from the liquid and forms two distinct layers Gelatin cubes that were dropped into the test tubes rise to the top of the solution with pulp sediments resting on the bottom of the test tube Discussion Part A It was supported by the results in Table 1 that fresh pineapple juice displayed a larger degree of enzymatic functioning compared to the other three sample types (boiled, canned and control). This is depicted through the change in the diameter of the gelatin pit. Enzymes in bromelain work to break down the gelatin and the larger the pit, the greater the functioning of those enzymes. The fresh pineapple juice sample showed an 18.18% change in the diameter of the gelatin pit. The canned pineapple juice had a lower degree of change (5.49%). This may have stemmed from the preparation and processing of the juice that may have altered the integrity of the bromelain in the juice. It may have been subject to heating to sterilise the juice that may have caused the denaturing of the enzymes responsible for the breakdown of gelatin. The boiled pineapple juice presented data that goes against the principle of bromelain breaking down gelatin. With a change in diameter of -1.18%, it has actually ‘gained’ gelatin after the proteolytic gelation phase. Since it is known that bromelain is responsible only for the degradation of gelatin, it is impossible for it to produce gelatin. Thus, this miscalculation may only have resulted from human error in marking and measuring the diameter. The marker used in this specific experiment produced rather thick lines relative to the small diameters that were measured. Use of a finer tipped marker may have minimised the chances of such inaccuracies to occur. The control sample involved a set of gelatin plates with no pineapple juice added. This was made to ensure that the pineapple juice was responsible for the degradation of the gelatin. If the control displayed a change in the diameter of the gelatin pits, then the experiment would be deemed invalid as more than one factor contributes to the degradation of gelatin besides bromelain. In accordance to the results, the control group displayed no changes to the gelatin pits. Part B Part B of the experiment explores the effect of temperature on the enzymatic functioning of bromelain. From the data recorded in Table 2, an increase in temperature applied to the juice corresponds to the decrease in the functioning of the enzymes as depicted through the amount of weight the gelatin cube lost. This trend is illustrated in Figure 1. Whilst there is an overall decrease in weight loss associated with increased temperature, there is an outlier at 45oC. Although this variable was repeated thrice, it still remained inconsistent relative to the data set. Such an error may have occurred with the apparatus provided on the day of the experiment where there were only three water baths provided (37oC, 50oC and 90oC). The experiment design took into account the equipment available that was provided in the laboratory manual that offered water baths at 35oC, 45oC, 50oC, 60oC and 90oC. Hence, maintaining the pineapple juice at 45oC and 60oC using the apparatus provided was the most probable cause of the error. In the case of the 45oC variable, it may have been heated too strongly that resulted in the denaturing of many more enzymes compared to at 50oC and 60oC. To improve upon this error, water baths with temperatures corresponding to those given in the laboratory manual should be provided to ensure accurate quantitative data. As mentioned previously in the introduction, it is known from past experiments that the enzymes in bromelain begin to denature very quickly at 80oC (Jutamongkon Charoerein, 2010, p943-948)3. This experiment confirms the statement as the 90oC variable experienced a steep decline in weight lost that indicates a large degree of enzyme denaturing. Naturally, most enzymes have a temperature range that it functions most effectively at. However, this graph only portrays temperatures > 35oC, not covering a large range of temperatures that is able to point out the optimum temperature. Again, this was not able to be accounted for in the experimental design due to the limited apparatus provided. From the trend line in Figure 1, a linear decrease is shown. However, a bell curve is usually representative of the optimum temperature where very low temperatures result in decreased enzyme functioning and decreased weight loss. As the temperature increases the enzyme reaches its optimum level of functioning and results in a large amount of gelatin degradation. With temperature reaching higher levels, the enzymes begin to denature and cease to function which brings the levels of weight loss down again. Relative to this experiment, the optimum temperature is ideally oC. In addition, the control displayed the greatest amount of weight loss com pared to all the variables that were tested (36.14%). The control was not applied any heat but rather subject to room temperature which is ~20oC. This reinforces the notion that the optimum temperature of the enzymes responsible for the breakdown of gelatin is oC. To validate this statement, the experiment should be repeated again but with a wider range of temperatures to account for the bell curve trend that should occur to identify the optimum temperature. Reflective Comments This experiment on bromelain was performed by three persons including myself. The first part of this assessment task was performed individually as per instructions. After we completed this task, we got together and planned the experimental design. Each person was assigned a role in this activity where I was tasked with completing the risk assessment and drawing scientific diagrams. The other two collaborators were responsible for completing the methodology and the list of materials and equipment. When we had completed our tasks, we discussed each part together to come to a mutual agreement. Many modifications were made to all parts that were essential to keeping our experimental design valid. Designing this experimental protocol with my classmates was a pleasant experience as each one of us were committed and contributed to the project. During this part of the project, no significant difficulties were faced as we all worked through our tasks smoothly. To me, teamwork was already a no tion that I valued strongly, however this activity of getting together and completing such a large amount of work in so little time has definitely set that notion in stone. The approach to allocating tasks to different members was also done on the day of the experiment. An action plan was formulated with all the roles and times of the tasks that have been allocated and given to each member of the group. A great reason for doing this is so that we can minimise human error in repetitive tasks. For example, I had a role in heating the juices in the given hot water baths. If two of us were to heat it, one may have a different way of regulating the temperatures 45oC and 60oC (the temperatures not given) than the other member. Hence, we assigned such roles to be consistent with the method. It also maximises productivity so that all of us are working rather than one person work with the other looking on to see if they can help. The specific tasks that I have been allocated on this day was majority of Part B of the experiment. I was tasked with cutting the gelatin cubes, weighing and recording their weights, pipetting of juices into test tubes and heating the juices. After gelatin cubes have been dropped in and timed by another member, I removed, washed and dried the gelatin for the weighing process. In between my tasks where I had time I lent my assistance to my team members. At the end of the experiment we packed up the equipment and cleaned the lab bench so that we can sit down and discuss our results. The only minor problem experienced in this teamwork was the action plan. Some of the times allocated to specific tasks were under or overestimated. Although this is not necessarily a problem as we were provided three hours to conduct our experiment, it resulted in the clumping up of tasks where one member waited for another to finish their task to continue his/her own. Overall, I am very happy and satisfied with the outcomes of our team project (possibly the best team project I have ever had!). With minimal difficulties and great results, I would definitely proceed to approach teamwork like this in future projects. However, this method of teamwork is only suitable if all team members are committed to their roles. If one does not pull their weight and not complete their allocated roles, the group could fall apart. Hence, it would be best for me to find myself a group of dedicated individuals in future projects. References Rowan AD, Buttle DJ Barrett AJ, 1990. The cysteine proteinases of the pineapple plant, Biochem J, Volume 226, pp.869-875. 2 Maurer HR, 2001. Bromelain: Biochemistry, pharmacology and medicinal use, CMLS Cell Mol Life Sci, Volume 58, pp.1234-1245. 3 Jutamongkon R Charoerein S, 2010. Effect of Temperature on the Stability of Fruit Bromelain from Smooth Cayenne Pineapple, Kasetsart J, (Nat. Sci.), Volume 44, pp.943-948. 4 Cooreman W, 1978. Bromelain, In: Pharmaceutical enzyme Properties and Assay Methods, R Ruyssen and A Lauwers (Eds), E Story – Scienta Scientific Publishing Co. Gent/Belgium, pp.107-121. 5 Joy PP, 2010. Benefits and uses of pineapple, Pineapple Research Station (Kerala Agricultural University), Vazhakulam, pp.670-686. 6 Heinicke RM, Van der Wal M and Yokoyama MM, 1972. Effect of bromelain on human platelet aggregation, Experientia, Volume 28, pp.844-845. 7 Leipner J, Iten F and Saller R, Therapy with proteolytic enzymes in rheumatic disorders, Biol Drugs, 2001, 15 (12), pp.779-789. 8 Hauck JC, Chang CM and Klein G, 1983. Isolation of an effective debriding agent from the stems of pineapple plants, Int J Tissue React, Volume 5, pp.125-134.

Euthanasia of Pretamture Babies :: Free Euthanasia Essay

Amy gave birth to a baby boy after only 24 weeks gestation. The premature child weighed only 1 1/4 lbs and was only 13 inches. Statistically, the child has between a 5% and a 20% chance of survival and over a 50% chance of growing up with intellegence disabilities, cerebral palsy, blindness, and deafness. Should money be continually spent on medical treatment or should the parents and/ or doctor be given the rigt to take away the life support? What is euthanasia? Is it just a murder, or is it a helpful procedure to end people's suffering? It is the "act of helping a person end his or her life in a painless fashion to relieve unbearable suffering". It is the taking of a human life by another person to prevent further pain and misery. There are four types of euthanasia: Active, Passive, Voluntary and Involuntary. Active Euthanasia is when a second party, whether is be a doctor or someone else, discretely introduces a lethal amount of medication into the sick or dying person. Passive Euthanasia involves the removal of medical treatment from the suffering individual. Voluntary Euthanasia is when the patient asks his or her doctor to assist in the procedures to ensure the end of the patient's life. Involuntary Euthanasia is present in Amy's case, along with Passive Euthanasia. It is when the individual who is suffering is either in a coma, incompitent, or a premature child that cannot speak for itself, and instea d of the patient making the decision, the family and/ or doctor does. Prematurity is when a child is born within less than 36 weeks gestation. The child is usually born with low birth weight, some type of physical deformity and / or any kind of mental problems that can all lead to a future of being outcatsed. Around half the babies born at 24 weeks are at risk of growing up with severe disabilities. Minor disabilities dont usually occur until further in the child's life, approximately once the child begins attending school. Reading and learning problems may occur. Obviously, the earlier the child is born the less chance of survival and health there is. This is because the babies have not yet fully developed the lungs, causing sudden collapses with every breath the child takes. "Matters involving the most intimate and personal choices a person may take in a lifetime...are central to the liberty protected by the 14th amendment.

Chapter 14 Snape’s Grudge

No one in Gryffindor Tower slept that night. They knew that the castle was being searched again, and the whole House stayed awake in the common room, waiting to hear whether Black had been caught. Professor McGonagall came back at dawn, to tell them that he had again escaped. Throughout the day, everywhere they went they saw signs of tighter security; Professor Flitwick could be seen teaching the front doors to recognize a large picture of Sirius Black; Filch was suddenly bustling up and down the corridors, boarding up everything from tiny cracks in the walls to mouse holes. Sir Cadogan had been fired. His portrait had been taken back to its lonely landing on the seventh floor, and the Fat Lady was back. She had been expertly restored, but was still extremely nervous, and had agreed to return to her job only on condition that she was given extra protection. A bunch of surly security trolls had been hired to guard her. They paced the corridor in a menacing group, talking in grunts and comparing the size of their clubs. Harry couldn't help noticing that the statue of the one-eyed witch on the third floor remained unguarded and unblocked. It seemed that Fred and George had been right in thinking that they — and now Harry, Ron, and Hermione — were the only ones who knew about the hidden passageway within it. â€Å"D'you reckon we should tell someone?† Harry asked Ron. â€Å"We know he's not coming in through Honeyduke's,† said Ron dismissively. â€Å"We'd've heard if the shop had been broken into.† Harry was glad Ron took this view. If the one-eyed witch was boarded up too, he would never be able to go into Hogsmeade again. Ron had become an instant celebrity. For the first time in his life, people were paying more attention to him than to Harry, and it was clear that Ron was rather enjoying the experience. Though still severely shaken by the night's events, he was happy to tell anyone who asked what had happened, with a wealth of detail. â€Å"†¦ I was asleep, and I heard this ripping noise, and I thought it was in my dream, you know? But then there was this draft†¦I woke up and one side of the hangings on my bed had been pulled down†¦I rolled over†¦and I saw him standing over me†¦like a skeleton, with loads of filthy hair†¦holding this great long knife, must've been twelve inches†¦and he looked at me, and I looked at him, and then I yelled, and he scampered. â€Å"Why, though?† Ron added to Harry as the group of second year girls who had been listening to his chilling tale departed. â€Å"Why did he run?† Harry had been wondering the same thing. Why had Black, having got the wrong bed, not silenced Ron and proceeded to Harry? Black had proved twelve years ago that he didn't mind murdering innocent people, and this time he had been facing five unarmed boys, four of whom were asleep. â€Å"He must've known he'd have a job getting back out of the castle once you'd yelled and woken people up,† said Harry thoughtfully. â€Å"He'd've had to kill the whole house to get back through the portrait hole†¦then he would've met the teachers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Neville was in total disgrace. Professor McGonagall was so furious with him she had banned him from all future Hogsmeade visits, given him a detention, and forbidden anyone to give him the password into the tower. Poor Neville was forced to wait. outside the common room every night for somebody to let him in, while the security trolls leered unpleasantly at him. None of these punishments, however, came close to matching the one his grandmother had in store for him. Two days after Black's break-in, she sent Neville the very worst thing a Hogwarts student could receive over breakfast — a Howler. The school owls swooped into the Great Hall carrying the mail as usual, and Neville choked as a huge barn owl landed in front of him, a scarlet envelope clutched in its beak. Harry and Ron, who were sitting opposite him, recognized the letter as a Howler at once — Ron had got one from his mother the year before. â€Å"Run for it, Neville,† Ron advised. Neville didn't need telling twice. He seized the envelope, and holding it before him like a bomb, sprinted out of the hall, while the Slytherin table exploded with laughter at the sight of him. They heard the Howler go off in the entrance hall — Neville's grandmother's voice, magically magnified to a hundred times its usual volume, shrieking about how he had brought shame on the whole family. Harry was too busy feeling sorry for Neville to notice immediately that he had a letter too. Hedwig got his attention by nipping him sharply on the wrist. â€Å"Ouch! Oh — thanks, Hedwig.† Harry tore open the envelope while Hedwig helped herself to some of Neville's cornflakes. The note inside said: Dear Harry and Ron, How about having tea with me this afternoon 'round six? I'll come collect you from the castle. WAIT FOR ME IN THE ENTRANCE HALL; YOU'RE NOT ALLOWED OUT ON YOUR OWN. Cheers, Hagrid â€Å"He probably wants to hear all about Black!† said Ron. So at six o'clock that afternoon, Harry and Ron left Gryffindor Tower, passed the security trolls at a run, and headed down to the entrance hall. Hagrid was already waiting for them. â€Å"All right, Hagrid!† said Ron. â€Å"S'pose you want to hear about Saturday night, do you?† â€Å"I've already heard all abou' it,† said Hagrid, opening the front doors and leading them outside. â€Å"Oh,† said Ron, looking slightly put out. The first thing they saw on entering Hagrid's cabin was Buckbeak, who was stretched out on top of Hagrid's patchwork quilt, his enormous wings folded tight to his body, enjoying a large plate of dead ferrets. Averting his eyes from this unpleasant sight, Harry saw a gigantic, hairy brown suit and a very horrible yellow-and-orange tie hanging from the top of Hagrid's wardrobe door. â€Å"What are they for, Hagrid?† said Harry. â€Å"Buckbeak's case against the Committee fer the Disposal o' Dangerous Creatures,† said Hagrid. â€Å"This Friday. Him an' me'll be goin' down ter London together. I've booked two beds on the Knight Bus†¦.† Harry felt a nasty pang of guilt. He had completely forgotten that Buckbeak's trial was so near, and judging by the uneasy look on Ron's face, he had too. They had also forgotten their promise about helping him prepare Buckbeak's defense; the arrival of the Firebolt had driven it clean out of their minds. Hagrid poured them tea and offered them a plate of Bath buns but they knew better than to accept; they had had too much experience with Hagrid's cooking. â€Å"I got somethin' ter discuss with you two,† said Hagrid, sitting himself between them and looking uncharacteristically serious. â€Å"What?† said Harry. â€Å"Hermione,† said Hagrid. â€Å"What about her?† said Ron. â€Å"She's in a righ' state, that's what. She's bin comin' down ter visit me a lot since Chris'mas. Bin feelin' lonely. Firs' yeh weren' talking to her because o' the Firebolt, now yer not talkin' to her because her cat –â€Å" â€Å"?C ate Scabbers!† Ron interjected angrily. â€Å"Because her cat acted like all cats do,† Hagrid continued doggedly. â€Å"She's cried a fair few times, yeh know. Goin' through a rough time at the moment. Bitten off more'n she can chew, if yeh ask me, all the work she's tryin' ter do. Still found time ter help me with Buckbeak's case, mind†¦She's found some really good stuff fer me†¦reckon he'll stand a good chance now†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Hagrid, we should've helped as well — sorry –† Harry began awkwardly. â€Å"I'm not blamin' yeh!† said Hagrid, waving Harry's apology aside. â€Å"Gawd knows yeh've had enough ter be getting' on with. I've seen yeh practicin' Quidditch ev'ry hour o' the day an' night — but I gotta tell yeh, I thought you two'd value yer friend more'n broomsticks or rats. Tha's all.† Harry and Ron exchanged uncomfortable looks. â€Å"Really upset, she was, when Black nearly stabbed yeh, Ron. She's got her heart in the right place, Hermione has, an' you two not talkin' to her –â€Å" â€Å"If she'd just get rid of that cat, I'd speak to her again!† Ron said angrily. â€Å"But she's still sticking up for it! It's a maniac, and she won't hear a word against it!† â€Å"Ah, well, people can be a bit stupid abou' their pets,† said Hagrid wisely. Behind him, Buckbeak spat a few ferret bones onto Hagrid's pillow. They spent the rest of their visit discussing Gryffindor's improved chances for the Quidditch Cup. At nine o'clock, Hagrid walked them back up to the castle. A large group of people was bunched around the bulletin board when they returned to the common room. â€Å"Hogsmeade, next weekend!† said Ron, craning over the heads to read the new notice. â€Å"What d'you reckon?† he added quietly to Harry as they went to sit down. â€Å"Well, Filch hasn't done anything about the passage into Honeydukes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Harry said, even more quietly. â€Å"Harry!† said a voice in his right ear. Harry started and looked around at Hermione, who was sitting at the table right behind them and clearing a space in the wall of books that had been hiding her. â€Å"Harry, if you go into Hogsmeade again†¦I'll tell Professor McGonagall about that map!† said Hermione. â€Å"Can you hear someone talking, Harry?† growled Ron, not looking at Hermione. â€Å"Ron, how can you let him go with you? After what Sirius Black nearly did to you! I mean it, I'll tell –â€Å" â€Å"So now you're trying to get Harry expelled!† said Ron furiously. â€Å"Haven't you done enough damage this year?† Hermione opened her mouth to respond, but with a soft hiss, Crookshanks leapt onto her lap. Hermione took one frightened look at the expression on Ron's face, gathered up Crookshanks, and hurried away toward the girls' dormitories. â€Å"So how about it?† Ron said to Harry as though there had been no interruption. â€Å"Come on, last time we went you didn't see anything. You haven't even been inside Zonko's yet!† Harry looked around to check that Hermione was well out of earshot. â€Å"Okay,† he said. â€Å"But I'm taking the Invisibility Cloak this time.† On Saturday morning, Harry packed his Invisibility Cloak in his bag, slipped the Marauder's Map into his pocket, and went down to breakfast with everyone else. Hermione kept shooting suspicious looks down the table at him, but he avoided her eye and was careful to let her see him walking back up the marble staircase in the entrance hall as everybody else proceeded to the front doors. â€Å"Bye!† Harry called to Ron. â€Å"See you when you get back!† Ron grinned and winked. Harry hurried up to the third floor, slipping the Marauder's Map out of his pocket as he went. Crouching behind the one-eyed witch, he smoothed it out. A tiny dot was moving in his direction. Harry squinted at it. The minuscule writing next to it read Neville Longbottom. Harry quickly pulled out his wand, muttered, â€Å"Dissendium!† and shoved his bag into the statue, but before he could climb in himself, Neville came around the corner. â€Å"Harry! I forgot you weren't going to Hogsmeade either!† â€Å"Hi, Neville,† said Harry, moving swiftly away from the statue and pushing the map back into his pocket. â€Å"What are you up to?† â€Å"Nothing,† shrugged Neville. â€Å"Want a game of Exploding Snap?† â€Å"Er — not now — I was going to go to the library and do that vampire essay for Lupin –â€Å" â€Å"I'll come with you!† said Neville brightly. â€Å"I haven't done it either!† â€Å"Er — hang on — yeah, I forgot, I finished it last night!† â€Å"Great, you can help me!† said Neville, his round face anxious. â€Å"I don't understand that thing about the garlic at all — do they have to eat it, or –â€Å" He broke off with a small gasp, looking over Harry's shoulder. It was Snape. Neville took a quick step behind Harry. â€Å"And what are you two doing here?† said Snape, coming to a halt and looking from one to the other. â€Å"An odd place to meet –â€Å" To Harry's immense disquiet, Snape's black eyes flicked to the doorways on either side of them, and then to the one-eyed witch. â€Å"We're not — meeting here,† said Harry. â€Å"We just — met here.† â€Å"Indeed?† said Snape. â€Å"You have a habit of turning up in unexpected places, Potter, and you are very rarely there for no good reason†¦I suggest the pair of you return to Gryffindor Tower, where you belong.† Harry and Neville set off without another word. As they turned the corner, Harry looked back. Snape was running one of his hands over the one-eyed witch's head, examining it closely. Harry managed to shake Neville off at the Fat Lady by telling him the password, then pretending he'd left his vampire essay in the library and doubling back. Once out of sight of the security trolls, he pulled out the map again and held it close to his nose. The third floor corridor seemed to be deserted. Harry scanned the map carefully and saw, with a leap of relief, that the tiny dot labeled Severus Snape was now back in its office. He sprinted back to the one-eyed witch, opened her hump, heaved himself inside, and slid down to meet his bag at the bottom of the stone chute. He wiped the Marauder's Map blank again, then set off at a run. Harry, completely hidden beneath the Invisibility Cloak, emerged into the sunlight outside Honeydukes and prodded Ron in the back. â€Å"It's me,† he muttered. â€Å"What kept you?† Ron hissed. â€Å"Snape was hanging around.† They set off up the High Street. â€Å"Where are you?† Ron kept muttering out of the corner of his mouth. â€Å"Are you still there? This feels weird†¦Ã¢â‚¬  They went to the post office; Ron pretended to be checking the price of an owl to Bill in Egypt so that Harry could have a good look around. The owls sat hooting softly down at him, at least three hundred of them; from Great Grays right down to tiny little Scops owls (â€Å"Local Deliveries Only†), which were so small they could have sat in the palm of Harry's hand. Then they visited Zonko's, which was so packed with students Harry had to exercise great care not to tread on anyone and cause a panic. There were jokes and tricks to fulfill even Fred's and George's wildest dreams; Harry gave Ron whispered orders and passed him some gold from under the cloak. They left Zonko's with their money bags considerably lighter than they had been on entering, but their pockets bulging with Dungbombs, Hiccup Sweets, Frog Spawn Soap, and a Nose-Biting Teacup apiece. The day was fine and breezy, and neither of them felt like staying indoors, so they walked past the Three Broomsticks and climbed a slope to visit the Shrieking Shack, the most haunted dwelling in Britain. It stood a little way above the rest of the village, and even in daylight was slightly creepy, with its boarded windows and dank overgrown garden. â€Å"Even the Hogwarts ghosts avoid it,† said Ron as they leaned on the fence, looking up at it. â€Å"I asked Nearly Headless Nick†¦he says he's heard a very rough crowd lives here. No one can get in. Fred and George tried, obviously, but all the entrances are sealed shut†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Harry, feeling hot from their climb, was just considering taking off the cloak for a few minutes when they heard voices nearby. Someone was climbing toward the house from the other side of the hill; moments later, Malfoy had appeared, followed closely by Crabbe and Goyle. Malfoy was speaking. â€Å"†¦should have an owl from Father any time now. He had to go to the hearing to tell them about my arm†¦about how I couldn't use it for three months†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Crabbe and Goyle sniggered. â€Å"I really wish I could hear that great hairy moron trying to defend himself†¦'There's no ‘arm in ‘im, ‘onest –‘†¦That Hippogriff's as good as dead –â€Å" Malfoy suddenly caught sight of Ron. His pale face split in a malevolent grin. â€Å"What are you doing, Weasley?† Malfoy looked up at the crumbling house behind Ron. â€Å"Suppose you'd love to live here, wouldn't you, Weasley? Dreaming about having your own bedroom? I heard your family all sleep in one room — is that true?† Harry seized the back of Ron's robes to stop him from leaping on Malfoy. â€Å"Leave him to me,† he hissed in Ron's ear. The opportunity was too perfect to miss. Harry crept silently around behind Malfoy, Crabbe, and Goyle, bent down, and scooped a large handful of mud out of the path. â€Å"We were just discussing your friend Hagrid,† Malfoy said to Ron. â€Å"Just trying to imagine what he's saying to the Committee for the Disposal of Dangerous Creatures. D'you think he'll cry when they cut off his Hippogriff's –â€Å" SPLAT! Malfoy's head jerked forward as the mud hit him; his silverblond hair was suddenly dripping in muck. â€Å"What the –?† Ron had to hold onto the fence to keep himself standing, he was laughing so hard. Malfoy, Crabbe, and Goyle spun stupidly on the spot, staring wildly around, Malfoy trying to wipe his hair clean. â€Å"What was that? Who did that?† â€Å"Very haunted up here, isn't it?† said Ron, with the air of one commenting on the weather. Crabbe and Goyle were looking scared. Their bulging muscles were no use against ghosts. Malfoy was staring madly around at the deserted landscape. Harry sneaked along the path, where a particularly sloppy puddle yielded some foul-smelling, green sludge. SPLATTER! Crabbe and Goyle caught some this time. Goyle hopped furiously on the spot, trying to rub it out of his small, dull eyes. â€Å"It came from over there!† said Malfoy, wiping his face, and staring at a spot some six feet to the left of Harry. Crabbe blundered forward, his long arms outstretched like a zombie. Harry dodged around him, picked up a stick, and lobbed it at Crabbe's back. Harry doubled up with silent laughter as Crabbe did a kind of pirouette in midair, trying to see who had thrown it. As Ron was the only person Crabbe could see, it was Ron he started toward, but Harry stuck out his leg. Crabbe stumbled — and his huge, flat foot caught the hem of Harry's cloak. Harry felt a great tug, then the cloak slid off his face. For a split second, Malfoy stared at him. â€Å"AAARGH!† he yelled, pointing at Harry's head. Then he turned tail and ran, at breakneck speed, back down the hill, Crabbe and Goyle behind him. Harry tugged the cloak up again, but the damage was done. â€Å"Harry!† Ron said, stumbling forward and staring hopelessly at the point where Harry had disappeared, â€Å"you'd better run for it! If Malfoy tells anyone — you'd better get back to the castle, quick –â€Å" â€Å"See you later,† said Harry, and without another word, he tore back down the path toward Hogsmeade. Would Malfoy believe what he had seen? Would anyone believe Malfoy? Nobody knew about the Invisibility Cloak — nobody except Dumbledore. Harry's stomach turned over — Dumbledore would know exactly what had happened, if Malfoy said anything — Back into Honeydukes, back down the cellar steps, across the stone floor, through the trapdoor — Harry pulled off the cloak, tucked it under his arm, and ran, flat out, along the passage†¦Malfoy would get back first†¦ how long would it take him to find a teacher? Panting, a sharp pain in his side, Harry didn't slow down until he reached the stone slide. He would have to leave the cloak where it was, it was too much of a giveaway in case Malfoy had tipped off a teacher — he hid it in a shadowy corner, then started to climb, fast as he could, his sweaty hands slipping on the sides of the chute. He reached the inside of the witch's hump, tapped it with his wand, stuck his head through, and hoisted himself out; the hump closed, and just as Harry jumped out from behind the statue, he heard quick footsteps approaching. It was Snape. He approached Harry at a swift walk, his black robes swishing, then stopped in front of him. â€Å"So,† he said. There was a look of suppressed triumph about him. Harry tried to look innocent, all too aware of his sweaty face and his muddy hands, which he quickly hid in his pockets. â€Å"Come with me, Potter,† said Snape. Harry followed him downstairs, trying to wipe his hands clean on the inside of his robes without Snape noticing. They walked down the stairs to the dungeons and then into Snape's office. Harry had been in here only once before, and he had been in very serious trouble then too. Snape had acquired a few more slimy horrible things in jars since last time, all standing on shelves behind his desk, glinting in the firelight and adding to the threatening atmosphere. â€Å"Sit,† said Snape. Harry sat. Snape, however, remained, standing. â€Å"Mr. Malfoy has just been to see me with a strange story, Potter,† said Snape. Harry didn't say anything. â€Å"He tells me that he was up by the Shrieking Shack when he ran into Weasley — apparently alone.† Still, Harry didn't speak. â€Å"Mr. Malfoy states that he was standing talking to Weasley, when a large amount of mud hit him in the back of the head. How do you think that could have happened?† Harry tried to look mildly surprised. â€Å"I don't know, Professor.† Snape's eyes were boring into Harry's. It was exactly like trying to stare down a Hippogriff. Harry tried hard not to blink. â€Å"Mr. Malfoy then saw an extraordinary apparition. Can you imagine what it might have been, Potter?† â€Å"No,† said Harry, now trying to sound innocently curious. â€Å"It was your head, Potter. Floating in midair.† There was a long silence. â€Å"Maybe he'd better go to Madam Pomfrey,† said Harry. â€Å"If he's seeing things like –â€Å" â€Å"What would your head have been doing in Hogsmeade, Potter?† said Snape softly. â€Å"Your head is not allowed in Hogsmeade. No part of your body has permission to be in Hogsmeade.† â€Å"I know that,† said Harry, striving to keep his face free of guilt or fear. â€Å"It sounds like Malfoy's having hallucin –â€Å" â€Å"Malfoy is not having hallucinations,† snarled Snape, and he bent down, a hand on each arm of Harry's chair, so that their faces were a foot apart. â€Å"If your head was in Hogsmeade, so was the rest of you.† â€Å"I've been up in Gryffindor Tower,† said Harry. â€Å"Like you told –â€Å" â€Å"Can anyone confirm that?† Harry didn't say anything. Snape's thin mouth curled into a horrible smile. â€Å"So,† he said, straightening up again. â€Å"Everyone from the Minister of Magic downward has been trying to keep famous Harry Potter safe from Sirius Black. But famous Harry Potter is a law unto himself. Let the ordinary people worry about his safety! Famous Harry Potter goes where he wants to, with no thought for the consequences.† Harry stayed silent. Snape was trying to provoke him into telling the truth. He wasn't going to do it. Snape had no proof — yet. â€Å"How extraordinarily like your father you are, Potter,† Snape said suddenly, his eyes glinting. â€Å"He too was exceedingly arrogant. A small amount of talent on the Quidditch field made him think he was a cut above the rest of us too. Strutting around the place with his friends and admirers†¦The resemblance between you is uncanny.† â€Å"My dad didn't strut,† said Harry, before he could stop himself. â€Å"And neither do I.† â€Å"Your father didn't set much store by rules either,† Snape went on, pressing his advantage, his thin face full of malice. â€Å"Rules were for lesser mortals, not Quidditch Cup-winners. His head was so swollen –â€Å" â€Å"SHUT UP!† Harry was suddenly on his feet. Rage such as he had not felt since his last night in Privet Drive was coursing through him. He didn't care that Snape's face had gone rigid, the black eyes flashing dangerously. â€Å"What did you say to me, Potter?† â€Å"I told you to shut up about my dad!† Harry yelled. â€Å"I know the truth, all right? He saved your life! Dumbledore told me! You wouldn't even be here if it wasn't for my dad!† Snape's sallow skin had gone the color of sour milk. â€Å"And did the headmaster tell you the circumstances in which your father saved my life?† he whispered. â€Å"Or did he consider the details too unpleasant for precious Potter's delicate ears?† Harry bit his lip. He didn't know what had happened and didn't want to admit it — but Snape seemed to have guessed the truth. â€Å"I would hate for you to run away with a false idea of your father, Potter,† he said, a terrible grin twisting his face. â€Å"Have you been imagining some act of glorious heroism? Then let me correct you — your saintly father and his friends played a highly amusing joke on me that would have resulted in my death if your father hadn't got cold feet at the last moment. There was nothing brave about what he did. He was saving his own skin as much as mine. Had their joke succeeded, he would have been expelled from Hogwarts.† Snape's uneven, yellowish teeth were bared. â€Å"Turn out your pockets, Potter!† he spat suddenly. Harry didn't move. There was a pounding in his ears. â€Å"Turn out your pockets, or we go straight to the headmaster! Pull them out, Potter!† Cold with dread, Harry slowly pulled out the bag of Zonko's tricks and the Marauder's Map. Snap picked up the Zonko's bag. â€Å"Ron gave them to me,† said Harry, praying he'd get a chance to tip Ron off before Snape saw him. â€Å"He brought them back from Hogsmeade last time –â€Å" â€Å"Indeed? And you've been carrying them around ever since? How very touching†¦and what is this?† Snape had picked up the map. Harry tried with all his might to keep his face impassive. â€Å"Spare bit of parchment,† he said with a shrug. Snape turned it over, his eyes on Harry. â€Å"Surely you don't need such a very old piece of parchment?† he said. â€Å"Why don't I just — throw this away?† His hand moved toward the fire. â€Å"No!† Harry said quickly. â€Å"So!† said Snape, his long nostrils quivering. â€Å"Is this another treasured gift from Mr. Weasley? Or is it — something else? A letter, perhaps, written in invisible ink? Or — instructions to get into Hogsmeade without passing the Dementors?† Harry blinked. Snape's eyes gleamed. â€Å"Let me see, let me see†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he muttered, taking out his wand and smoothing the map out on his desk. â€Å"Reveal your secret!† he said, touching the wand to the parchment. Nothing happened. Harry clenched his hands to stop them from shaking. â€Å"Show yourself!† Snape said, tapping the map sharply. It stayed blank. Harry was taking deep, calming breaths. â€Å"Professor Severus Snape, master of this school, commands you to yield the information you conceal!† Snape said, hitting the map with his wand. As though an invisible hand were writing upon it, words appeared on the smooth surface of the map. â€Å"Mooney presents his compliments to Professor Snape, and begs him to keep his abnormally large nose out of other people's business.† Snape froze. Harry stared, dumbstruck, at the message. But the map didn't stop there. More writing was appearing beneath the first. â€Å"Mr. Prongs agrees with Mr. Mooney and would like to add that Professor Snape is an ugly git.† It would have been very funny if the situation hadn't been so serious. And there was more †¦ â€Å"Mr. Padfoot would like to register his astonishment that an idiot like that ever became a professor.† Harry closed his eyes in horror. When he'd opened them, the map had had its last word. â€Å"Mr. Wormtail bids Professor Snape good day, and advises him to wash his hair, the slimeball.† Harry waited for the blow to fall. â€Å"So †¦Ã¢â‚¬  said Snape softly. â€Å"We'll see about this †¦Ã¢â‚¬  He strode across to his fire, seized a fistful of glittering powder from a jar on the fireplace, and threw it into the flames. â€Å"Lupin!† Snape called into the fire. â€Å"I want a word!† Utterly bewildered, Harry stared at the fire. A large shape had appeared in it, revolving very fast. Seconds later, Professor Lupin was clambering out of the fireplace, brushing ash off his shabby robes. â€Å"You called, Severus?† said Lupin mildly. â€Å"I certainly did,† said Snape, his face contorted with fury as he strode back to his desk. â€Å"I have just asked Potter to empty his pockets. He was carrying this.† Snape pointed at the parchment, on which the words of Messrs. Moony, Wormtail, Padfoot, and Prongs were still shining. An odd, closed expression appeared on Lupin's face. â€Å"Well?† said Snape. Lupin continued to stare at the map. Harry had the impression that Lupin was doing some very quick thinking. â€Å"Well?† said Snape again. â€Å"This parchment is plainly full of Dark Magic. This is supposed to be your area of expertise, Lupin. Where do you imagine Potter got such a thing?† Lupin looked up and, by the merest half-glance in Harry's direction, warned him not to interrupt. â€Å"Full of Dark Magic?† he repeated mildly. â€Å"Do you really think so, Severus? It looks to me as though it is merely a piece of parchment that insults anybody who reads it. Childish, but surely not dangerous? I imagine Harry got it from a joke shop –â€Å" â€Å"Indeed?† said Snape. His jaw had gone rigid with anger. â€Å"You think a joke shop could supply him with such a thing? You don't think it more likely that he got it directly from the manufacturers?† Harry didn't understand what Snape was talking about. Nor, apparently, did Lupin. â€Å"You mean, by Mr. Wormtail or one of these people?† he said. â€Å"Harry, do you know any of these men?† â€Å"No,† said Harry quickly. â€Å"You see, Severus?† said Lupin, turning back to Snape. â€Å"It looks like a Zonko product to me –â€Å" Right on cue, Ron came bursting into the office. He was completely out of breath, and stopped just short of Snape's desk, clutching the stitch in his chest and trying to speak. â€Å"I — gave — Harry — that — stuff,† he choked. â€Å"Bought — it†¦in Zonko's†¦ ages — ago†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Well!† said Lupin, clapping his hands together and looking around cheerfully. â€Å"That seems to clear that up! Severus, I'll take this back, shall I?† He folded the map and tucked it inside his robes. â€Å"Harry, Ron, come with me, I need a word about my vampire essay — excuse us, Severus –â€Å" Harry didn't dare look at Snape as they left his office. He. Ron, and Lupin walked all the way back into the entrance hall before speaking. Then Harry turned to Lupin. â€Å"Professor, I –â€Å" â€Å"I don't want to hear explanations,† said Lupin shortly. He glanced around the empty entrance hall and lowered his voice. â€Å"I happen to know that this map was confiscated by Mr. Filch many years ago. Yes, I know it's a map,† he said as Harry and Ron looked amazed. â€Å"I don't want to know how it fell into your possession. I am, however, astounded that you didn't hand it in. Particularly after what happened the last time a student left information about the castle lying around. And I can't let you have it back, Harry.† Harry had expected that, and was too keen for explanations to protest. â€Å"Why did Snape think I'd got it from the manufacturers?† â€Å"Because†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Lupin hesitated, â€Å"because these mapmakers would have wanted to lure you out of school. They'd think it extremely entertaining.† â€Å"Do you know them?† said Harry, impressed. â€Å"We've met,† he said shortly. He was looking at Harry more seriously than ever before. â€Å"Don't expect me to cover up for you again, Harry. I cannot make you take Sirius Black seriously. But I would have thought that what you have heard when the Dementors draw near you would have had more of an effect on you. Your parents gave their lives to keep you alive, Harry. A poor way to repay them — gambling their sacrifice for a bag of magic tricks.† He walked away, leaving Harry feeling worse by far than he had at any point in Snape's office. Slowly, he and Ron mounted the marble staircase. As Harry passed the one-eyed witch, he remembered the Invisibility Cloak — it was still down there, but he didn't dare go and get it. â€Å"It's my fault,† said Ron abruptly. â€Å"I persuaded you to go. Lupin's right, it was stupid, we shouldn't've done it –â€Å" He broke off; they reached the corridor where the security trolls were pacing, and Hermione was walking toward them. One look at her face convinced Harry that she had heard what had happened. His heart plummeted — had she told Professor McGonagall? â€Å"Come to have a good gloat?† said Ron savagely as she stopped in front of them. â€Å"Or have you just been to tell on us?† â€Å"No,† said Hermione. She was holding a letter in her hands and her lip was trembling. â€Å"I just thought you ought to know†¦Hagrid lost his case. Buckbeak is going to be executed.†

William Shakespeaer Essays - Shakespearean Tragedies, Free Essays

William Shakespeaer Essays - Shakespearean Tragedies, Free Essays William Shakespeaer William Shakespeare William Shakespeare was a great English playwright, dramatist and poet who lived during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Shakespeare is considered to be the greatest playwright of all time. No other writer's plays have been produced so many times or read so widely in so many countries as his. Shakespeare was born to middle class parents. His father, John, was a Stratford businessman. He was a glove maker who owned a leather shop. John Shakespeare was a well-known and respected man in the town. He held several important local governmental positions. William Shakespeare's mother was Mary Arden. Though she was the daughter of a local farmer, she was related to a wealthy family. Mary Arden and John Shakespeare were married in 1557. William Shakespeare was born in Stratford in 1564. He was one of eight children. The Shakespeare's were well-respected prominent people. When William Shakespeare was about seven years old, he probably began attending the Stratford Grammar School with other boys of his social class. Students went to school year round attending school for nine hours a day. The teachers were strict disciplinarians. Though Shakespeare spent long hours at school, his boyhood was probably fascinating. Stratford was a lively town and during holidays, it was known to put on pageants and many popular shows. It also held several large fairs during the year. Stratford was an exciting place to live. Stratford also had fields and woods surrounding it giving William the opportunity to hunt and trap small game. The River Avon, which ran through the town, allowed him to fish also. Shakespeare's' poems and plays show his love of nature and rural life which reflects his childhood. On November 28, 1582, Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway of the neighboring village of Shottery. She was twenty-six, and he was only eighteen at the time. They had three children. Susana was their first and then they had twins, Hamnet and Judith. Hamnet, Shakespeare's son, died in 1596. In 1607, his daughter Susana got married. Shakespeare's other daughter, Judith, got married in 1616. In London, Shakespeare's career took off. It is believed that he may have become well known in London theatrical life by 1592. By that time, he had joined one of the city's repertory theater companies. These companies were made up of a permanent cast of actors who presented different plays week after week. The companies were commercial organizations that depended on admission from their audience. Scholars know that Shakespeare belonged to one of the most popular acting companies in London called The Lord Chamberlain's Men. Shakespeare was a leading member of the group from 1594 for the rest of his career. 1594 had produced at least six of Shakespeare's plays. During Shakespeare's life, there were two monarchs who ruled England. They were Henry the eighth and Elizabeth the first. Both were impressed with Shakespeare which made his name known. There is evidence that he was a member of a traveling theater group, and a schoolmaster. In 1594, he became an actor and playwright for Lord Chamberlain's Men. In 1599, he became a part owner of the prosperous Globe Theater. He also was a part owner of the Blackfriars Theater as of 1609. Shakespeare retired to Stratford in 1613 where he wrote many of his excellent plays. There are many reasons as to why William Shakespeare is so famous. He is generally considered to be both the greatest dramatist the world has ever known as well as the finest poet who has written in the English language. Many reasons can be given for Shakespeare's enormous appeal. His fame basically is from his great understanding of human nature. He was able to find universal human qualities and put them in a dramatic situation creating characters that are timeless. Yet he had the ability to create characters that are highly individual human beings. Their struggles in life are universal. Sometimes they are successful and sometimes their lives are full of pain, suffering, and failure. In addition to his realistic view of human nature, Shakespeare had a vast knowledge of a variety of subjects. These subjects include music, law, Bible, stage, art, politics, history, hunting, and sports. Shakespeare had a tremendous influence on culture and literature throughout the world. He

History Essay

History Essay History Essay Hoover’s Response to Great Depression: He believed it was a crisis of confidence not of capitalism. The market is self-correcting. Hoover had a Laissez-Faire approach to the economy. He encouraged organizations of farmers, industrialists, and bankers to share information, bolster one another’s spirits, and devise policies to aid economic recovery. He urged farmers to restrict output, industrialists to hold wages at pre-depression levels, and bankers to help each other remain solvent. The federal government would provide them with information, strategies of mutual aid, occasional loans, and morale-boosting speeches. He relied heavily on volunteerism. Bread and soup lines were very popular during this time. He enacted the Smoot Hawley Tariff in 1930 which raised tariffs by 30%. The idea was that it would protect American farmers from international competition. Because of this world trade plummeted and it deepened depression in Europe, which hurt the US because they were paying back the US for war debts. Then Hoover declared a 1 year moratorium on European war debts which deepened the US depression. He also tried to balance the budget by raising taxes and the US GDP went down. He then created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation in 1932. It gave $2 billion loan to banks, railroads and state governments. He did not give money to the poor. It was a form of trickle-down economics and it was too little too late for Hoover. Roosevelt’s Response to Great Depression: FDR believed strongly that action needed to be taken immediately. He started off with The First New Deal. It was a dizzying array of laws, agencies and programs to bolster the economy. It was experimental in nature not ideological. Its three basic components were Industrial recovery, agricultural recovery, and short term relief for the jobless. One of the first things he did was put a 4 day bank holiday, and called an emergency session of congress. If after the 4 days the bank reopened, then it was deemed in good shape. This restored confidence to the American people and ended bank runs. For industrial recovery he created the National Recovery Act which had many different components for everybody. Examples were lifting anti-trust laws for business, Created jobs by giving money for public works, right to collective bargaining for workers, created the FDIC and SEC for regulation and confidence. For agricultural he created the Agricultura l Adjustment Act which extended credit to farmers. It also bolstered crop and livestock prices by reducing production, by paying farmers to plow over crops and kill livestock. For the jobless he created the Civilian Conservation Corps which created jobs for young men. The built state parks, roads, playgrounds etc. There was also the Tennessee Valley Authority which used dams to create electricity for poor people throughout the Tennessee valley area. There was some criticism of The First New deal and the Supreme Court ruled the NRA and AAA unconstitutional, this led to the Second New Deal. Started out with direct aid to the needy and created the Works Project Administration, which employed 8.5 million people. They were concerned with public works projects, as well as, writing, theater, art and youth projects. Another part of the Second New Deal was the Social Security Act to protect the elderly. It was just the very beginning of Social Security and it excluded many professions. Why Hoover responded that Way: Hoover was a strong believer in Lassiez-Faire economics. He believed that the economy has periods of ups and downs and that when the economy goes down it will eventually come back up again. He believed that the government must intervene as little as possible. As Secretary of Commerce did not want government to control industry but he wanted the government to persuade corporations to cooperate and make things better for industry as a whole. Another reason he may have responded that way is History essay History essay What were the most significant events in helping Indigenous Australians achieve positive change since World War II? World War 2 was an atrocity for many, its crimes spread far and wide including the execution of Jews, and torturing prisoners of war. But in its wake came a call for change, and all through the world people started to see human rights in a new way and improvements were made all round including for our own Aborigines. The first major changes were to come in 1949, which came with Australian citizenship for all Aboriginals. 1949 also brought them the right to vote in federal elections, if they had served in the army during the world wars, or if they were allowed to vote in their state election. This was countered however in Queensland where voting was entirely disallowed for Aborigines, and in Western Australia and the Northern Territory the right was conditional and was rarely granted. 1949 brought several other changes but most were delayed or simply refused, the major changes would have to wait until later. In 1962 the common wealth electoral act Gave Aborigines the option to vote in all federal elections, regardless of state or location. 1965 brought the integration policy which replaced the white Australia policy and sought to end discrimination towards Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders, it also allowed the federal government to overrule state policy if they saw that the states were mistreating Aborigines or ignoring their policies. On the 27th of May 1967 the commonwealth referendum to have aboriginals counted in the national census. It also made changes to our constitution removing section 127 of the constitution which stated â€Å"In reckoning the numbers of the people of the Commonwealth, or of a State or other part of the Commonwealth, aboriginal natives shall not be counted.† And changed section 51 paragraph 26, which then allowed the federal government to make laws regarding the Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders. On the 1st of June 1975 the Racial Discrimination Act was passed allowing the federal government to History Essay History Essay For writing History essays such as US history essays, American history essays, European history essays and world history essays, the first thing that is obligatory is the knowledge of the historical topic on which on which you have opted to write. For gaining that knowledge, you can read the history books, journals and articles depicting any historical event or incident. In a history essay, you have to concentrate on only one topic and have to write paragraphs dealing with that topic only. Remember that you should not include irrelevant information in history essays, as it will spoil your history essays. The paragraphs that you write in your history essays should be connected to each other and should be continuous until the argument is over or until the historical essay topics on which you are writing are justified. In a history essay, you have to deal with a number of paragraphs and each of these paragraphs deals with a particular idea or thought. No paragraph should discuss more than one idea or thought or it will look like a rambling paragraph that will have nothing particular and precise. History essays should be written with a clear idea in mind. First of all, an outline should be made that can help you arrange your ideas in a particular format. Before writing the final copy of your history essay, always write a draft. A draft will always inform you about your mistakes and errors regarding to the essays on history. For writing essays in history, students should gather relevant and authorized information from authorized sources to write a history essay. World history essays require enough hard work from the student, as they are very crucial and should not contain any mistake in terms of factual information. In case of delivering incorrect information, the history essays are completely rejected. World history essays require a lot of researching and analysis for the final drafting of a history essay. You have to arrange all the paragraphs using the format of introduction, body and conclusion. The introductory paragraph should introduce the topic fully while the conclusi on should summarize your stated information and the results that you have obtained from all your research. The history essay should be concluded in such a manner that it gives the writer and the reader a sense of completion. The body paragraph of history essays should contain all the information that you want to discuss in your history essay. Art history essay should also be written by following the same format that is described above. The above stated details must have added to your knowledge related to history essay writing. If you still want some sort of assistance related to history essays, you can get non-plagiarized essays on History from our essay writing company, which is there for your service and assistance. You can get AP history essays from our company and you will not be disappointed. You can get all kinds of history essays an all kinds of history essay topics from our custom essay service.

Dead Poest Society & John Dewey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dead Poest Society & John Dewey - Essay Example In his book Dewey goes on to give a light on the essential difference exiting between typical Welton’s classroom and Keating classroom. As opposed to Welton’s classroom, Keating’s students are likely to develop fun in their learning because of the chance they had in experiencing recreations and field treks outside their classroom. He revives the Dead Poets society that creates a chance for the student to focus on another world far from their curriculum. The fun developed allows the students to develop much passion for the curriculum. This is different to the Welton’s orthodox case where the students had no chance for experiencing fun in their curriculum. Keating, acted as the model described by Dewey evident when he told the student to tear the introductory page of their book while reading. This indicates that Keating as a teacher took up the trait of an executor who brought meaningful association between the students and their reading material. By tearing the page indicates that Keating was concerned about sorting out digestible and most relevant information for his students. Indifferent to this, Nolan, Welton’s headmaster and the enforcer of the traditional system is surprised when he finds out that the students had ripped the first page (Franklin, 2009). This reveals the unusual nature of the traditional systems, as indicated by Dewey, whereby the students are supposed to rely on books rather than their instructors (Dewey, 2007). Keating’s way of teaching proves to be much beneficial to his students. Among the benefits derived from Keating acting as the executor rather than the book, is that the students received refined information which is easier to understand. Keating was able to sort out useful information that he viewed important for the students’ digestion; otherwise, the students would have ended up reading bulky information without knowing what is important for their studies. Further,

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) - Essay Example CSR benefits the society through responsible business. In the contemporary society, global warming and sustainable living are the biggest issues that have grabbed the attention of scientists and educationalists everywhere in the world. Need is being felt of a collective effort to combat the conditions emerging as a result of global warming and excessive use of extinguishing natural resources. In these circumstances, businesses need to be very responsible and considerate about several things that are not in their individualistic interest but are of great interest to the society as a whole. CSR makes the businessmen amend their business practices in such a way that they cause maximum benefit to the society and cause minimal harm. Thus, it makes them comply with the standards of ethics and makes them display good moral conduct. In an attempt to fulfill the requirements of CSR, businessmen are trying to do everything that would make their business