The Contributions of Mansa Musa to the Greatness of Mali Empire Essay - 3

The Contributions of Mansa Musa to the Greatness of Mali Empire - Essay Example Mansa Musa engaged in numerous conquest of the neighboring kingdoms after his return from pilgrimage which saw him expand the kingdom from all corners. During his journey, he got involved in lavish spending as well as well distribution of goods to the needy. The people in his entourage also took part in the distribution in the Egyptian city of Cairo leading to the collapse of the city’s financial market which was among the largest in the world. As a result, he gained large following especially from the key Islamic scholars and those who were responsible for the building of the city of Cairo. They followed him back to his empire after which he used them in the building of the major cities in the region. They first built the city of Timbuktu into one of the leading pioneers of Islamic academic and financial centers. As a result, Timbuktu became the leading trading center in Africa that can be compared to the present Wall Street. Trade in the city mainly involved gold, slaves, ko la nuts, cashew nuts among other items. This led into the city is at the same level with other cities in Europe such as Paris, Madrid, and Venice in terms of intellectual capacity, economic growth, population and political stability (Alexander, 201-321). Mansa Musa embarked on major construction initiatives that included the building and establishment of mosques and madrasas. Example include the Sankore Madrasah commonly known as the University of Snake which was built during his reign and have remained up to the present age. Musa brought about the modern educational system in the kingdom by re-staffing the University of Sankore with a team of learned astronomers, scientists, mathematicians and jurists who made a great influence in the University thus making it the center for learning and cultural experience.

Electronic Wastes Essay Example for Free

Electronic Wastes Essay E-Waste or Waste Of Electronic and Electrical Equipment has been known to contain more than 20 hazardous substances including lead, mercury and PCB’s (Polychlorobiphenyls). In the recent times e-waste has risen through the ranks of most harmful and destructive materials and has become the cause of worry for the entire world. With technology always a blink of an eye away there is always something swankier, better, and fancier than our present monitor, mobile set, and television. Just spare a thought to where all our discarded electronics go to and the mind goes boggling. Well, at the time of manufacturing some precious metals as well as toxic materials are used to prepare most of the flashy gadgets that we use. While during recycling the precious metals are refurbished and reused, the toxic materials on the other hand like lead, mercury and plastic are disposed or burnt. These substances when burned or disposed incorrectly release carcinogenic substances into air which have their own dire consequences. As e-waste is presently concentrated in the informal (unorganized) sector therefore it also results in occupational hazards and loss of resources due to inefficient processes. In Asia alone millions of computers are disposed each month, and add to this some other micro electronics like tube lights, electric bulbs, lightening equipments and the list grows quite fat but what percent of them are disposed properly to facilitate complete recycling or in a way the environment, well, the numbers aren’t very encouraging. Though there are certain plastics which can be recycled up to eight times but they require certain machineries to initiate the process and finish it neatly and completely. Those machineries are quite sophisticated and expensive and are mainly manufactured in china and Japan. Due to these blockages e-waste has become quite an important and at the same time a problematic issue. E-waste as such is not hazardous waste per-se. However, the hazardous constituents present in the e-waste render it hazardous when such wastes are dismantled and processed, since it is only at this stage that they pose hazard to health and environment. Some important constituents of e-waste are given below- ELECTRONIC ITEM CONSTITUENTS 1. Printed circuit boards Lead and Cadmium 2. Cathode ray tubes Lead oxide and Cadmium 3. Switches and flat screen monitors Mercury 4. Computer batteries Cadmium 5. Capacitors and transformers Poly-chlorinated-bi-phenyls 6. Cable insulation/coating Poly vinyl chloride 7. Plastic casings cable Retardant (Source: Power Systems By J. B. Gupta) Most of the constituents stated in the above list are non-recyclable but through efficient use of technology they can be reused up to a certain extent. In today’s hi-tech world one can’t really alienate himself to the latest technology especially in the field of electronics and as it is said, that today’s world is moving at a supersonic speed and if you can’t update yourself to its demands then it is bound to leave you light years away, and also one can’t shy away from the fact that if the waste recycling system works at its present pace then the entire world might soon have to face the fierce fury of the mother nature. Though e-waste recycling is expected to rapidly change with formal recyclers setting up operations but a lot of work needs to be done at the ground level. Recycling operations should engage in dismantling, sale of dismantled parts, valuable resource recovery and export of processed waste for precious metal recovery to countries like Japan and China. But one thing that must be kept in mind during recycling is that the main work is to be done during processing as e-waste is distinct as it is an end of consumption waste while hazardous waste results from a distant industrial process. The e-waste chain is rather complex as it involves multiple players-producers, distributors, retailers, end consumers, collection system and recyclers while hazardous waste chain involves only the occupier/generator and the operator. From the word operator I hazily remember a story I heard in high school about an e-junkyard owner and a chief operational head of an electronics company who handled recycled components department. The owner and the chief had met through an old acquaintance and had kept in touch following their common interests in cricket and chess. The owner was well known in his circle for his sharpness of repartee and tricky common sense something which the chief was unaware of. Once while playing chess with the chief the owner commented that the sales have nose-dived in the recent times due to less number of people now opting for recycling their e-wastes. The chief in turn replied that since he and the owner were good friends so he could help him bag some contracts from his company to recycle the e-waste if only he could beat him at the game of chess. The owner obliged but put forward a small demand that was to be completed if he won. There were no surprises when the owner won but after the game when the chief came to terms with the gravity of the loss he almost fainted. The so called small demand of the owner spilled like hot volcano magma on the face of the chief. The demand was as follows: The owner agreed to play the game of chess but only on one condition that the contract with the company should include a clause indicating the number of e-wastes he would acquire to recycle and then he devised a method to calculate the thus required number. This method involved a chess board on which the number of e-wastes that should be given to him were to be counted. He demanded that firstly he be given only two e-components to be placed on the first square of the chess board. The second lot was to be placed on the second square and the number of e-components he be given, doubled. Therefore on each subsequent square of the chess board the number doubled and at the half way mark the number of e-components reached an astonishingly high figure of fifty million. Fifty million and still counting, the chief has till date not been able to pay for the contracts he had promised to the owner in a light mood. So, what we conclude from above is that there’s no need to panic even in the worst of times. Even if we start investing in e-recycling today we can leave a better future for our coming generations. Also, the governments around the world must ensure that their industries adhere to e-waste (Management and Handling) rules under the environment protection act and put in place an effective mechanism to regulate the generation, collection, storage, transportation, import, export, environmentally sound recycling, treatment and disposal of e-waste. This includes refurbishment, collection system and producer responsibility thereby reducing the wastes destined for final disposal. The different e-waste fractions are processed to directly useable components and to secondary raw materials in a variety of refining and conditioning processes. Solid waste is deposited in a municipal landfill. Systematic gas and water collecting systems are not installed; hence significant emissions to water and air are caused. The site is crowded with informal waste pickers. Works Cited Theraja, B. L. â€Å"Electrical Technology† Volume II. Gupta, J. B. â€Å"Electronic Devices And Circuits† , Katson Books. Gupta, J. B. â€Å"Power Systems† , Katson Books. Technologies Applied in New Delhi. http://ewasteguide. info/technologies_applied_in_new_delh

The First Crusade and the Ideas of Crusading Essay -- essays research

Contrary to many commonly held notions about the first crusade, in his book, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading, Jonathan Riley-Smith sets out to explain how the idea of crusading thought evolved in the first crusade. In his book, Riley-Smith sets out five main arguments to show how these ideas of crusading evolved. Firstly, he argues that Pope Urban’s original message was conventional, secondly that a more positive reaction was drawn from the laity (due to the ideas surrounding Jerusalem), thirdly, that the original message of crusading had changed because of the horrible experiences of the first crusaders, fourth, that due to these experiences the crusaders developed their own concept of what a crusade was, and lastly, that these ideas were refined by (religious) writers and turned into an acceptable form of theology. Riley-Smith makes excellent points about the crusade; however, before one can delve directly into his argument, one must first understand the backgro und surrounding the rise of the first crusade. Throughout the ten-century, particularly in France, the world had become an extremely violent place. Feudal Knights were often quarreling over land possession, looting, and looking to lay people to provide them with sustenance . Likewise, the power of these knights and the extent of violence flourished due to the increasingly lacking power and authority of the kings . The Church, in an attempt to halt the violence and anarchy attempted to take control and issued such concepts as â€Å"the Peace of God† . Similarly, at this time other movements for peace by the Church were underway, and one of the commonly held ideas was the need to transform the world to more â€Å"monkish ideals†. From these ideals also sprouted the concept of the laity having â€Å"God-given functions to perform, functions that could include fighting to protect the Church†. Pope Leo IX (1049-1054) is an example of this idea; he often used militia to fight against his opponents. In the early ele venth century, there came a pivotal figure in the ideas of Church sanctioned war, Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085). Pope Gregory was involved in the Investiture Contest, and soon turned to scholars to seek out â€Å"justification for his conviction that violence could be used in defense of the Church and could be authorized by it†. The movements generated by Pope Gregory, as well as the results of the Inve... ...f knighthood. The idea of the crusade, and the affiliated pilgrimage came to be regarded as temporary, adopted, migratory monastic life. Although none of the ideas of Robert, Guibert, and Baldric were new, in fact they were derived from the accounts of those who survived the first crusade, they romanticized the idea of the holy war and knighthood, making it more appealing to the common person, and more morally acceptable in religious circles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Riley-Smith adequately proves his argument that although the idea of crusading was not a new one; the outcome of the first crusade had a direct impact on the ideas surrounding a holy war. His book, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading, is a well developed and coherent argument that is neatly organized and concise, allowing the reader to gain a good understanding of the topic. This book was an excellent choice for first year university students, as it was an easy read, and very easy to identify the main points and arguments of each chapter. Bibliography/Works Cited Riley-Smith, Jonathan. The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading. The United States of America: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986.

ICT Systems and Business :: ICT Essays

ICT Systems and Business Use of computers has brought profound change to business. The electronic office is an obvious example. In this, every desk in a business is likely to have a computer. The computers will be networked and have communications facilities. The work done in offices is usually; * receipt, * processing, * storage, * despatch Computers and ICT systems can do these things more efficiently and faster than manual systems. Businesses now advertise FAX numbers and email addresses prominently. This affects the number of letters sent by post but FAX and email cannot completely replace the postal service as original, hard-copy letters are still needed for legal reasons. Products can be ordered on-line via the internet and most businesses now have their own website. Electronic Data Interchange is used to send orders, pay invoices and transfer information generally. Employees are paid using electronic funds transfer. ICT AND MANUFACTURING Many industries now use Computer-Aided Manufacture (CAM), eg. cars are manufactured by robot welders and paint sprayers, Benetton manufactures clothes more quickly using CAD-CAM. The quality of computer-manufactured articles is more consistent and better, leading to greater productivity and reliability. Working conditions are often cleaner and safer. There may be shorter working hours but this could mean more reduncancies or redeployment. Skilled workers have seen their skills made redundant by CAM. Companies must modernise to remain competative and viable; if non-viable then there may be even more job losses. Use of computers has created a range of new jobs; * hardware manufacture, * sales, * servicing, * technical support (call centres) * consultancy. New products manufactured due to computers; * mobile phones, * CDs and DVDs * videos * satellite receivers, * video cameras, * digital cameras ICT AND COMMERCE The number of banking transactions is now so huge they could not be carried out without computers: * electronic transfer of funds, * elctronic payroll * ATM transactions, * credit/debit card transactions * home banking. There is a movement towards the cashless society. Our shopping habits have changed due to ICT; * digital TV shopping channels, * internet shopping. Supermarkets offer loyalty cards to encourage customers to shop at their stores. All records are stored on computer and the store can gain useful demographic information. Computerised stock control using barcodes is used by many shops. Supermarkets have grown bigger at the expense of the corner shop. The use of phone cards has resulted in less theft from call boxes. Internet shopping is increasing and lead to the growth of internet only companies, eg. ebay.com, and internet only banks, eg. cahoot. Security is a problem for companies and the system is open to credit card fraud especially for services, eg. payment for a subscription-only service. Internet shopping has lead to companies closing their retail outlets and consequent loss of jobs, eg. ICT Systems and Business :: ICT Essays ICT Systems and Business Use of computers has brought profound change to business. The electronic office is an obvious example. In this, every desk in a business is likely to have a computer. The computers will be networked and have communications facilities. The work done in offices is usually; * receipt, * processing, * storage, * despatch Computers and ICT systems can do these things more efficiently and faster than manual systems. Businesses now advertise FAX numbers and email addresses prominently. This affects the number of letters sent by post but FAX and email cannot completely replace the postal service as original, hard-copy letters are still needed for legal reasons. Products can be ordered on-line via the internet and most businesses now have their own website. Electronic Data Interchange is used to send orders, pay invoices and transfer information generally. Employees are paid using electronic funds transfer. ICT AND MANUFACTURING Many industries now use Computer-Aided Manufacture (CAM), eg. cars are manufactured by robot welders and paint sprayers, Benetton manufactures clothes more quickly using CAD-CAM. The quality of computer-manufactured articles is more consistent and better, leading to greater productivity and reliability. Working conditions are often cleaner and safer. There may be shorter working hours but this could mean more reduncancies or redeployment. Skilled workers have seen their skills made redundant by CAM. Companies must modernise to remain competative and viable; if non-viable then there may be even more job losses. Use of computers has created a range of new jobs; * hardware manufacture, * sales, * servicing, * technical support (call centres) * consultancy. New products manufactured due to computers; * mobile phones, * CDs and DVDs * videos * satellite receivers, * video cameras, * digital cameras ICT AND COMMERCE The number of banking transactions is now so huge they could not be carried out without computers: * electronic transfer of funds, * elctronic payroll * ATM transactions, * credit/debit card transactions * home banking. There is a movement towards the cashless society. Our shopping habits have changed due to ICT; * digital TV shopping channels, * internet shopping. Supermarkets offer loyalty cards to encourage customers to shop at their stores. All records are stored on computer and the store can gain useful demographic information. Computerised stock control using barcodes is used by many shops. Supermarkets have grown bigger at the expense of the corner shop. The use of phone cards has resulted in less theft from call boxes. Internet shopping is increasing and lead to the growth of internet only companies, eg. ebay.com, and internet only banks, eg. cahoot. Security is a problem for companies and the system is open to credit card fraud especially for services, eg. payment for a subscription-only service. Internet shopping has lead to companies closing their retail outlets and consequent loss of jobs, eg.

Flow over Weir

Introduction A weir is an opening in the sidewall of a tank at top. The stream of liquid coming out the weir is known as a nappe, sheet or vein. There is no difference between a notch and weir except that the former is a small structure and has sharp edges. A weir generally an overflow structure, with a broad crest, build across an open channel. The terms air and weirs are used synonymously in general. The top of weir wall over which the liquid flows is known as the sill or crest. The head under which the weir is discharging is measure from the crest to the free surface.A weir or notch is generally used for measuring the flow of liquids. In this experiment, we ar using the rectangular weir and triangle weir. Rectangular weir and triangular weir (v-notch) ore often used in water supply, wastewater and sewage system. They consists of a sharp edge plane with rectangular and triangular profile for the water flow. Broad-crested weirs can be observed in dam spillways where the broad edge i s beneath the water surface across the entire stream. Flow measurement installations ith broad-crested weirs will meet accuracy requirement only if they are calibrated. objective To determine the characteristics of open channel flow over; * A rectangular notch * A triangular (v-notch) * To determine values of the discharge coefficient for both notches Method General features of the flow can be determined by direct observation. Discharge coefficient values can be determined from measurements of the height of the free surface of water above the notch base and corresponding volume flow rate Equipment In order to complete the experiment, we need a number of pieces of equipment * The F1-10 haudralics bench which allows us to measure flow by timed volume collection * The F1-13 stilling baffle The F1-13 rectangular and Vee notch * Vernier Height Gauge (supplied with F1-13) * Stopwatch * Spiril level 4 4 2 2 5 5 8 8 7 7 6 6 3 3 1 1 Figure 1: Flow over Weirs – Figure 2: Flow over Weir s – vee notch weir rectangular notch weir 1 1 5 5 2 2 6 6 Hydraulics BenchBasket of glass spheres 3 3 Weir channelVolumetric measuring tank 4 4 (V) Vee notch weir7 7 Rectangular weir Hook & point gauge Hook Gauge and Scale8 8 There are different shapes of weirs that can be used to measure the volumetric flow rate. These shapes with their dimension are shown in fig 3 below. Figure 3: Details of weirsTechnical Data The following dimension from the equipment are used in the appropriate calculation. If required these values may be checked as part of the experimental procedure and replace with your own measurements. * Width of rectangular notch, b= 0. 030 * Angle of vee notch, o=90 degree Theory Because the depth of flow above the base of notch is related to the volume flow rate through it, the notch forms a useful flow measurement device. The classical result for flow over notch are obtained by an application of the Bernoulli equation, from a point well up stream to a point just above the notch.This approach requires a number of very substantial assumptions and it yields the following results: For Rectangular Notch, the formula is given by; Qt=Cd23b(2g)H32 For Vee-notch, the formula is given by; Qt=Cd815tan(? 2)(2g)H52 Where; Qt= Volume flow rate H = height above notch base B = width of rectangular notch ? = angle of the vee in triangular notch; Cd= the discharge coefficient, which has to be determined by experiment These can be rearrange to give; Cd=3Qt2b2gH32 For rectangular notch Cd=15Qt8tan? 22gH52 Foe vee notch. Discussion.From the experiment, we are about to determine the discharge coefficient of the both rectangular and the triangular notches. The discharge coefficient for the rectangular notch are influence by its H and also its volumetric flow rate while the triangular notch are influence by its o, H and also its volumetric flow rate. From the result, we can see that the volumetric flow rate of both notches are increase. This showed show that the w ater outflow increase as the H increased. These is suppose to happened as, the water level increase, the Water outflow from the notch increase over the time.But from discharged coefficient, we can see that the value of both notches are not stable. This may be from the friction at the head of the notches during the starter of experiment. The friction will affect the time taken to collect 1liter of water for V-notch and 5 litre of water for the Rectangle notch. Thus it will effect the volumetric flow rate and also the discharge coefficient as the volumetric flow rate influence the value of Cd. The aim of this experiment is to determine the value of the discharge coefficient for both notches of rectangular notch and also triangular (V-notch).The discharge coefficient values can be determine from the measurements of the height of free surface of water above the notch base and corresponding volume flow rate For discharge coefficient of Rectangular Notch, the formula is given by; Cd=3Qt2b 2gH32 For discharge coefficient of V-notch, the formula is given by; Cd=15Qt8tan? 22gH52 In comparison, for rectangular notch, the theoretical value of its discharge coefficient, Cd, is ——. However, the experimental value of Cd turns out to be 2. 31. Based on experiment that we conducted, the percentage error for rectangular notch is–.This is due to some errors that ccur during experiment. For example parallax error. However, for V-notch, the theoretical value is —, but theoretical value is—. There is not much of a difference between its theoretical value and actual value. This mean that the flow is laminar, and not much energy is loss through friction. The derivation of values are contributed by the error during handing the experiment, if we take it as overall error, most of error occurred when step of taking the height started. First, we have to careful about the height of datum. For convenience, is is advice that to take your first datum as zero .Other than that, it is also advice that th time should be taken 3 times so that we can take the average so that the error can be minimize. Besides, The theory does not put energy loss or viscosity of the water flow into consideration, but it only depends on the flow rate, the width of the notches and height of the notches. However, in reality, water currents or flow rate may not be constant all the time and it is difficult to maintain the water level height above the notches as what he want. The cross section area over the weir with flowing water at lower rates is small compare to high rates.This is because at lower flow rates, the time for collection of water varies a lot compare to higher flow rates. It require a longer time to collect a specific amount of water to measure the flow rate at lower flow rate due to viscosity of water. Moreover, energy is conserved due to slower speed of flow of water. At higher flow rates, water flowing may already have the energy to create a consta nt water flow. Whereas at an even higher rat, water flow is difficult to control in order for it to be in constant height above notch base because the water current is too high.

How to Find Greatest Common Factors

How to Find Greatest Common Factors Factors are numbers that divide evenly in a number. The greatest common factor of two or more numbers is the largest number that can divide evenly into each of the numbers. Here, you will learn how to find factors and greatest common factors. You will want to know how to factor numbers when you are trying to simplify fractions. What You Need Manipulatives: Coins, buttons, hard beansPencils and paperCalculator Steps Factors of the number 12: You can evenly divide 12 by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12.Therefore, we can say that 1,2,3,4,6 and 12 are factors of 12.We can also say that the greatest or largest factor of 12 is 12.Factors of 12 and 6: You can evenly divide 12 by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12. You can evenly divide 6 by 1, 2, 3 and 6. Now, look at both sets of numbers. What is the largest factor of both numbers? 6 is the largest or greatest factor for 12 and 6.Factors of 8 and 32: You can evenly divide 8 by 1, 2, 4 and 8. You can evenly divide 32 by 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32. Therefore the largest common factor of both numbers is 8.Multiplying Common Prime Factors: This is another method to find the greatest common factor. Lets take 8 and 32. The prime factors of 8 are 1 x 2 x 2 x 2. Notice that the prime factors of 32 are 1 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2. If we multiply the common prime factors of 8 and 32, we get 1 x 2 x 2 x 2 8, which becomes the greatest common factor.Both methods will help you determine the greates t common factors (GFCs), but you will need to decide which method you prefer to work with. Manipulatives: Use coins or buttons for this concept. Lets say youre trying to find factors of 24. Ask the child to divide the 24 buttons/coins into 2 piles. The child will discover that 12 is a factor. Ask the child how many ways they can evenly divide the coins. Soon they will discover that they can stack the coins into groups of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12. Always use manipulatives to prove the concept. Tips Be sure to use coins, buttons, cubes, etc. to prove how finding factors works. Its much easier to learn concretely than abstractly. Once the concept is grasped in a concrete format, it will be much more easily understood abstractly.This concept requires some ongoing practice. Provide a few sessions with it.

Stanton and the Declaration of Independence essays

Stanton and the Declaration of Independence essays In 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton gave her historic speech, Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions at the Seneca Falls Convention for womens rights. Stanton, a formally educated and academically accomplished wife and mother, was already a prominent social activist who was deeply entrenched in the abolitionist movement. As a woman having experienced discrimination and the lack of opportunities to advance, she was weary of the constricted and oppressed lives women were forced to lead in comparison to the freedom and liberties enjoyed by men. In fact several years before, despite being elected as delegates, she and Lucretia Mott, a fellow abolitionist and suffragist, were denied the right to participate in the World Anti-Slavery Convention on the basis of their gender. By 1848, galvanized by disillusion, Stanton was ready to take a literal and figurative stand at the Seneca Falls Convention. There she delivered her speech, Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions expressing the grieva nces of female oppression. The purpose of Declarations of Sentiments and Resolutions, was to elucidate the repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman...[that effected] absolute tyranny over [women] (Zinn, 2004, p. 126). Therefore, Stanton closely modeled her speech after the Declaration of Independence in order to contextualize its message and maximize its impact. Elizabeth Cady Stanton structured Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions after the Declaration of Independence, and in order to accomplish two things; she wanted to imbue the speech with gravitas and elicit empathy. When Stanton took the podium at the Seneca Falls Convention, America was still in its infancy as a country. The scent of American independence was still in the air and hadnt yet been overtaken by the stench of the Civil War. The Declaration of Independence&...

Drumming in Haiti and Cuba

Drumming in Haiti and Cuba Thesis Drumming is practised in a different manner among various communities depending with their corresponding traditions and music1. The subject of drumming in Haiti, its transition and assimilation in Cuba, as well as its general effect on Cuban music will be analyzed within this paper.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Drumming in Haiti and Cuba specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The existence of various instruments in these two nations and the rest of the world creates another area that may require exploration. In connection, the significance of the analysis is discussed within the paper and further details given with regards to how drumming is done in the country: This led to the development of Afro Cuban jazz. Drumming in Haiti is a section of culture that has significantly influenced music in the modern setting. A proper understanding of this art helps appreciate the Haitian culture, as well as recognize its influence on music. An extensive knowledge on the history of drumming in Haiti, the transition process, as well as the influence on modern music is essential for analyzing this topic. In that sense, this paper will cover the history of drumming in Haiti, the different types of drums used as well as their rhythm and meaning to the cultures in Haiti and Cuba. The study also looks at the transition and effect of the art in Cuba and how other cultures borrowed from this Haitian way of life. Introduction Music involves the use of various types of instruments in order to bring out its desired elements. The drum is played either by the use of a stick or directly by the player’s hands.According to various sources, the use of drums for musical purposes is known as drumming. Drumming in Haiti began as a normal practice during Vodou, which is a sacred performance linked with the henotheistic religion. However, the practice transitioned to Cuba with time and led to the emergence of afro Cuban jazz. From that point, many other cultures borrowed the custom, which is currently a common practice around the world. Haitian Vodou Brief history As a developing country, Haiti’s economy grew from the days of slavery that was conducted by slave dealers. The slaves fetched from Africa would have a stopover in this region bordering the Caribbean Sea and Cuba. The slaves had their way of worship.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, this was considered backward by the westerners who imposed Catholicism to the slaves2. The slaves, for that matter, established ways of worship that would deceive the slave dealers in order to worship their gods secretively. The African slaves used various types of drums to call on different spirits. In addition, the assigned names to spirits, and call on them for guidance and protection. More so, they consulted the spirits that are believed to grace their ceremonies, which resulted in the emergence of voodoo. Drumming as a culture Haiti is a country known for its emphasis on culture and the continued practice of various rituals borrowed from the ancient Haitians. Vodou, also referred to as voodoo is a practise commonly associated with Haitian culture. The practice is normally considered an exotic perception associated with black magic due to its involvement with the spirit world. However, it is difficult to ascertain the validity of the statement as local participants refer to it as clean practice or culture. Haitians use drumming as a method of connecting with the spirits with an aim of inviting them into their ceremonies. The involvement of the media in practice imprints this notion of black magic to various people. However, the practice of voodoo goes back to over 6000 years and has its roots in Benin, West Africa3. The practice of music remains an integral part of the voodoo religion i n Haiti. Voodoo as practised in Haiti has rich rhythms and beats that have characterised Haitian culture for ages. The religion remains an integral part of Haitian culture to-date despite the misconceptions from other religions. It still incorporates the use of drums and various other instruments. However, it is necessary to note that the extensive use of different drums in voodoo ceremonies has helped to transform the culture4.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Drumming in Haiti and Cuba specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Aspects of Haitian music Drums The use of drums is symbolic in many traditional cultures. They were mainly used to mark religious ceremonies. In jazz, the use of the name â€Å"drum† refers to a host of drums used to produce a rhythm or used together in a certain performance. Drumming as a form art practised in Haiti involved the use of various types of drums. They were mainly used for voodoo, a religious ceremony unique with the Haitians. The drums used in voodoo integrate various techniques that are distinctive to the skill of play. For instance, the Siye is a technique used by the player in voodoo. It involves wiping a drum from an edge to the centre using the fingers to produce a distinctive moaning sound that adds to the rhythm. These drums were divided into groups in accordance with the spirits they were used to summon. The drums commonly used include the Tanbou, Ti Baka, and Maman among others. In a real life situation, each drum corresponds to the existing spirits; hence, determines the purposes attached for each drum. Some were played in singular while others were played in groups consisting of a number of drums. For instance, there are groups that are referred to as: The Rada Batterie The Petwo battier Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The conga drums The Rada Batterie: This assembly of drums includes three drums. These are the Maman, Boula and the Segon. This ensemble included other instruments. In this study, however, the focus is put on the drums. The similarity of the three drums is their conical and slender nature, which has also been replicated among several drums globally. The Maman: Maman is French word meaning mother. The Maman is the tallest, as well as the deepest sounded member of the three drums within the group. For that matter, it plays the leader’s role in Haitian drumming and specifically in this group of drums. It is believed to take its cue from the ceremony’s officiating priests, as well as the present spirits. Over several decades, the drum has been used among the people; hence, it is recognized as one of the best drums within the region. In fact, its magnificent look has attracted several replications around the world. The other uniqueness is its play in that the weaker hand of the player taps the drum directly while the stronger hand plays it with a stick (Baget) of different shapes to produce clicking sounds. While playing the instrument, the player uses both hands, or does it in intervals. The Segon: Segon is derived from a French word that means second. It was the middle drum in the group in terms of the role-played and size. It served to produce a base for the Maman to generate its counterpoint. The Maman, just like the Maman, was originally played with bare hands and a stick, but the style of the stick was noticeably different. The evolvement of music led to the Segon being played with bare hands, specifically in the USA. Recent developments have also seen the Segon replaced with the conga (see picture 1) drums, which are a common feature in both Haiti and the USA today. The Boula: This drum remains the smallest in terms of size and the role-played in the assembly of the three. It serves to boost the rhythm by playing the famous ostinato pattern. The player uses two sticks to play the Boula unlike the Maman and the Segon. The Boula produces an extremely high tone but in agreement with the other two drums. However, Boula’s parts look effortless as compared to the other drums. However, first-class knowledge is required to play it correctly. The Petwo Batterie: This group originally consists of two drums, which include the Ti Baka and Gwo Baka. The drums resemble the modern congas but are slender and have slightly tapered bottoms than the modern congas. Therefore, it takes a fully oriented person to identify the difference between some of these drums. They two drums resemble in appearance; however, are of different dimensions. The skins for the drums have counter hoops made from stiff vines. Their function is to stretch the skin by aid of an existing rope. In addition, there exist wooden wedges lying inside the drum with an adjustable rope for controlling the tension of the skin. However, the evolvement of music has seen th e addition of a drum referred to as Kata to this group. As such, these drums produce a high tone and lead the other instruments in the ensemble. The player uses two sticks. This drum is claimed to hugely increase the rhythm of any music it is added to by the musicians and audience who have listened or played it. The Tanbou: This is one of the most common drums played in Haiti. This drum traces its origin to ancient African’s systems of Vodun6. It remains a key instrument in the production of various rhythms. In addition, the Tanbou is easy to play, as its techniques are straightforward. It is a main indicator of the continued preservation of ancient Haitian culture despite the apparent modernization in other communities. The Tanbou is referred to as the Haitian drum due to its role in culture preservation5. Rhythm The rhythm emerging from the various instruments used is of enormous importance to the Haitian people. Therefore, the differences existing between these rhythms det ermine the drums that should be used for the various functions. The rhythm determines the drum and not the other way round. The rhythms in Haiti remain classified and grouped in families according to their regions of origin. The main rhythms include the Petwo family, Dahomey, and YaYa TiKongo families. The Petwo family: This rhythm family originates from the southern and central regions of Haiti. The drums in this rhythmic family are played after heating in order to generate the required rhythm.Rhythms in this order include the Kita rhythm. The Kita rhythm involves playing of dual goatskin drums by the use of hands only. Dahomey and YaYa TiKongo families: These two families consist of rhythms originating from northern Haiti. The Dahomey rhythm involves the playing of triple cow-skin drums using sticks. Rhythms integrated in this family include the Wandjalà © and Chasà ¨ among others. Meaning of the drums and rhythms The drums and rhythms in Haiti are mainly used for voodoo ceremon ies, which are prevalent within the country. The Haitians held such ceremonies with an aim of inviting the spirits that they worshipped so that they could receive guidance and protection from such spirits. As such, it is correct to note that different rhythms generated from a variety of drum combinations were used to summon various spirits. However, several sources indicate that the Haitians use the drums and rhythms for a number of functions other than as an inducement for spirits. Transition to Cuba Cuba borders the Caribbean Sea Haiti.. The slave dealers used these two regions to enhance slavery as a practice. These slaves brought various cultures from their different countries to Cuba. Haiti and Cuba interacted in various activities such as trade. The interactions of various slaves with various musical cultures led to the integration of practises found in the various ways of lives in both Cuba and Haiti. In addition, these interactions caused the filtration of various cultural p ractises to either side of the countries with time. Key to these cultural practises is drumming. The afro-Cuban jazz The afro-Cuban jazz is a form of Latin jazz that originated from the fusion of different African musical cultures. Afro-Cuban jazz involves the use of various musical gadgets such as the piano, congas and drums. These drums came about from their use by the slaves in Haitian culture. Musicians accepted and redeveloped this form of music to afro- Cuban jazz around 1943. Afro Cuban jazz remains a common practice in modern day. It is practised both in Cuba as well as other countries such as the United States if America6. The spread of Haiti/Cuba drumming rituals The Haiti/Cuba rituals are practised in various countries in the modern world. The use of Haitian drums in countries such as the USA amongst others shows a filtration of the culture to other nations. This happens due to the interaction of various cultures in multinational activities that such as sports, and many o ther activities. As a matter of fact, these drums prevalent in the modern world, and are frequently used for varying purposes7. Conclusion Drumming is an art that is still practised in the modern world. Various cultures borrowed from this culture due to its rich history and uniqueness. The widespread use of drumming in religion in Africa and the rest of the world serves to cement the influence of this culture. It is therefore realistic that the Haitian and Cuban cultural practices have had a significant influence on several societies, which have adopted the use of their instruments. Bibliography Brill, Mark. Music of Latin America and the Caribbean. New Jersey: prentice hall,  2011. Gebert, Lizabeth. Displacements and transformations in Caribbean cultures. Florida:  University Press of Florida, 2008. Geggus, David. The world of Haitian revolution. Indiana: Indiana University press,  2009. Kallen, Stuart. Voodoo. Michigan: Lucent books, 2005.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"List of Caribbean Membran ophone.† Wikipedia. Accessed from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_membranophones. Manuel, Peter. Creolizing Contradance in the Caribbean. Philadelphia: Temple  University Press, 2009. Prahlad, Anand. The greenwood encyclopaedia of African American folklore. Oxford:  Greenwood press, 2006. Footnotes 1. Peter Manuel, Creolizing Contradance in the Caribbean (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2009), 23-29. 2. David Geggus, The world of Haitian revolution (Indiana: Indiana university press, 2009), 55-66. 3. Anand Prahlad, The greenwood encyclopaedia of African American folklore (Oxford: Greenwood press, 2006), 102-107. 4. Stuart Kallen, Voodoo (Michigan: lucent books, 2005), 22-24. 5. â€Å"List of Caribbean Membranophone,† Wikipedia. 6. Mark Brill, Music of Latin America and the Caribbean (New Jersey: prentice hall, 2011),  33-34. 7. Lizabeth Gebert, Displacements and transformations in Caribbean cultures (Florida: University Press of Florida, 200 8), 44-48.

MRKT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MRKT - Assignment Example I consider fabric, design and something new in the designs. As it is Armani’s and Italian brand newness can be expected from the clothing and fashion accessories. I think the brand has been positioned for the customers who do not object money when it comes to their clothing needs. The touch, feel, style and fit are the critical factors of consideration for me. Creativity, talent and production each are crucial aspect of any fashion product. Armani has positioned itself at high end segment of consumer. Client at this segment are not large in number but offer high volume in sales. Unit price of products are much higher than the available substitutes. Armani has established itself for its credibility in terms of the brand value offered and as a corporate citizen. Armani brands have been targeted for the luxury product market segments. The clothing and fashion products offer signature characteristics like fit and finishing of the clothing. Each product is prepared with a great det ailing which is available to the client during the decision making process. Armani has also extended some of the brand categories to the mass-markets i.e. jeans. However the success of Armani is due to the well established name and credibility offered by Armani brands. Products are produced with great level of expertise.

Impact of Technology on society Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Impact of Technology on society - Research Paper Example Lastly, health smart homes are utilized instead of separate medical facilities, resulting in significant cost savings. All these technologies are equipped with wireless communication devices that will deliver value, convenience, quality health care and a better life for the patients. Hence mobile computing devices enable and facilitate caregivers and health care cooperative roles instant access to patient information on a common platform or knowledge base regardless of geographical location. Studies revealed that for improving the quality of health care, monitoring mechanisms must be efficient and effective. The effective monitoring mechanism will transfer information related to vital signs accurately and robustly, resulting in an instant transfer of medical information and response time from a caregiver or doctor. However, to make the monitoring mechanism effective, there is no solution so far except the integration of social networking sites empowered with mobile computing called as Mobile Health Monitoring (MHM) (Brahnam & Jain, ). After the integration, these systems have proven to be efficient and reliable, as they facilitate continuous connectivity of patient’s vital signs to the caregiver or doctors (Brahnam & Jain,). (Brahnam & Jain,) Magrabi along with other researchers has constructed a web based system that will be utilized for monitoring patients located at home and suffering from a disease called as cystic fibrosis. The system is fully equipped and w orks in a standard browser that becomes active whenever new data of a patient is transmitted. Moreover, the system also reviews patient medical history and sends reminders and suggestions via email to both the caregiver and the patient as well (Brahnam & Jain,). However, one problem is not addressed yet, i.e. absence of instant monitoring mechanism of the patient’s body, as it will be achievable by incorporating sensors attached to the body. In contrast, the mobile health

Collage of Echoes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Collage of Echoes - Essay Example A literal interpretation of the poem could simply detail a human experience, whereas an analytical level of interpretation could provide a better justification of the poet’s ideas. In Collage of Echoes, the gender and identity of the persona are not specified, thus for ease of interpretation, one may assume to use the author’s gender. The persona in the poem is doing a self-talk or reflection. In the opening lines, she tells herself, â€Å"I have no promises to keep/Nor miles to go before I sleep† (1-2). These lines reveal that the persona has no obligations to accomplish, and no places to visit. Pleased with this thought, she expresses her intention to sleep or relax. Based on this, readers may think of the persona as a busy person, possibly an adult engaged in business, who, at the end of the day tells herself that she can sleep after she has accomplished her responsibilities. However, the repetition of the phrase, â€Å"no promises to keep† (7) could ma ke the reader realize that a literal interpretation of the poem is not enough to deduce the author’s ideas, hence, a deeper level of analysis is needed. An analytical interpretation of the poem requires deducing of meaning based on the author’s use of literary devices.

Like alcohol and tobacco drugs should be legalized in america Essay

Like alcohol and tobacco drugs should be legalized in america - Essay Example Drugs should be legalized and this is why. Legalizing drugs would first of all help save many lives. Sometime back alcohol was abhorred in the US to the extent of being banned. The reason given then was that it would be a source of nuisance to society. This did not last long and alcohol was re-legalized. It is worth noting that more good than harm has come from re-legalization of alcohol (Wesley, â€Å"Drug use should be legal in America†). This is because when the drugs are legal, the government will be able to establish regulatory measures as is the case with cigarettes and alcohol. The quantity produced and the selling price can be regulated like they do with alcohol. Drugs would be made following set standards hence manufacturers who make low quality and highly toxic drugs will be driven out of business. The revenue collected in form of taxes from the sale of drugs can be used to provide health services such as rehabilitation of drug addicts. The government will also be able to warn people of harm caused by drugs as it does with alcohol and cigarettes. Anti drug use campaigns can also be funded using the revenues collected. Laws against drug use are the cause of the increasing cases of drug related crimes. Many cities have sections known to be notorious for drug related violence and wars. Rival gangs are known to go to â€Å"war† over drug territories. Persons who also go out to seek drugs are prone to harm. Case in point is some young men who went to buy marijuana from a street gang. In the process of trying to gain the trust of the gang they mistakenly claimed to come from a rival gang. They were immediately stabbed to death as the gang â€Å"protected their territory† (Barnett & Palmer â€Å"Should drug use be legalized?†). If drugs were legal, the youth would have gone to a known legal dealer and bought what they needed. This would have saved their lives. It is the illegality of the drug that encourages the formation of such

Homework 5 Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Homework 5 - Speech or Presentation Example 2) Historically, the average amount of time to assemble an electronic component on a production line has been 14 minutes. The supervisor of this production line is interested in determining whether this is no longer true. Assume that assembly time is normally distributed with a known population standard deviation of 3.4 minutes. The supervisor times the assembly of 25 randomly chosen components, and finds that the average time to assemble is 12.6 minutes. Is there sufficient evidence to suggest that the population mean assembly time is not 14 minutes at the 1% level of significance? What is the p-value? 3) The manufacturer of a new chewing gum asserts that at least 80% of dentists prefer their type of gum. An independent consumer research firm decides to test their claim. The findings of a sample of 200 dentists indicate that 76% of respondents actually prefer the manufacturers gum. At the 5% level, is there sufficient evidence to suggest that the population proportion of dentists who prefer the manufacturers gum is less than 80%? What is the p-value? 4) A college professor is interested in determining the relationship between the number of hours a student sleeps prior to an exam and a students exam grade. The joint distribution is assumed bivariate normal. The professor draws a random sample of four students and records each students exam grade and hours of sleep preceding the exam. These data are found in the table below. The professor runs a simple regression, but has misplaced her regression output. Recognizing that Exam Grade is the dependent variable and Hours of Sleep is the sole independent variable, she asks you to perform the

Like alcohol and tobacco drugs should be legalized in america Essay

Like alcohol and tobacco drugs should be legalized in america - Essay Example Drugs should be legalized and this is why. Legalizing drugs would first of all help save many lives. Sometime back alcohol was abhorred in the US to the extent of being banned. The reason given then was that it would be a source of nuisance to society. This did not last long and alcohol was re-legalized. It is worth noting that more good than harm has come from re-legalization of alcohol (Wesley, â€Å"Drug use should be legal in America†). This is because when the drugs are legal, the government will be able to establish regulatory measures as is the case with cigarettes and alcohol. The quantity produced and the selling price can be regulated like they do with alcohol. Drugs would be made following set standards hence manufacturers who make low quality and highly toxic drugs will be driven out of business. The revenue collected in form of taxes from the sale of drugs can be used to provide health services such as rehabilitation of drug addicts. The government will also be able to warn people of harm caused by drugs as it does with alcohol and cigarettes. Anti drug use campaigns can also be funded using the revenues collected. Laws against drug use are the cause of the increasing cases of drug related crimes. Many cities have sections known to be notorious for drug related violence and wars. Rival gangs are known to go to â€Å"war† over drug territories. Persons who also go out to seek drugs are prone to harm. Case in point is some young men who went to buy marijuana from a street gang. In the process of trying to gain the trust of the gang they mistakenly claimed to come from a rival gang. They were immediately stabbed to death as the gang â€Å"protected their territory† (Barnett & Palmer â€Å"Should drug use be legalized?†). If drugs were legal, the youth would have gone to a known legal dealer and bought what they needed. This would have saved their lives. It is the illegality of the drug that encourages the formation of such

The Big Data Challenges Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Big Data Challenges - Case Study Example ral platform referred to as data ware house that helps integrate data from different sources such as; customers and dealers to name just but a few (Strader, 2011). The CIO chair at Volvo asserted that, through the establishment of a central platform, the company can be able to prevent potential losses and inherent risk that might occur in the future (Strader, 2011). The corporation captures data from vehicles sold to their customers through sensors and central processing units installed during car manufacturing (Strader, 2011). The data captured is then used to make necessary improvements on the model vehicles being manufactured (Verganti, 2009).This improvement has not only helped to meet customer satisfactions but also has helped to prevent mechanical problems that might occur in the future (Strader, 2011). Real time information systems are computer responsive systems that help to detect and give out responses after updating the computer master files with the detected information (Chaki, Nabendu & Cortesi, 2011). For instance, Volvo Corporation installed their vehicles with numerous sensors and central processing units in order to detect information about the performance of the vehicles when the vehicle is in the hands of a customer (Strader, 2011). Whereby, any impending mechanical problems or threat detected is sent back to Volvo Corporation and necessary improvements are made thereafter (Chaki, Nabendu & Cortesi, 2011). In above connection, the implementation of real time information system has enabled the corporation to make continuous quality improvements on the quality of vehicles manufactured (Strader, 2011). This in turn has increased customer satisfactions by responding accordingly to customers needs through utilization of real time information (Chaki, Nabendu & Cortesi, 2011). The company utilizes big data strategy to identify any potential flows that may occur in the future and provide a remedy to the problem before it happens (Strader, 2011). This

The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin Essay Example for Free

The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin Essay The Story of an Hour written by Kate Chopin in 1894 the reader should zone in on the main character Mrs. Mallards thoughts and not so much on the excitement of the story but the ending. The insights of different literary elements such as the point of view and tone make this short story omniscient and subtle yet cruel that all contribute to the multiple themes. According to Journey Into Literature, a theme is an idea, or message, that lies behind a literary work, the theme tells what the story is about: What is the underlying message? What is driving the action? (Clugston, 2014). When answering any of these questions, the main theme deals with a dysfunctional marriage and other minor themes including communication, freedom and confinement, time, and mortality. The reason for the dysfunctional marriage comes from males dominating the women of the 19th century and how they were prisoners to their husbands. Women were expected to stay home to cook, clean, and take care of the children. The woman was only a mean of a mans pleasure and reproduction. She had no rights, no opinions, no sentiments no emotions (Radek, 2001). If they did work and it was not too often and the pay and job was always less compared to a man. There was no mention of true love since marriage was out of convenience, monetary comfort and status during that era. Communication is essential and its delivery because when Mrs. Mallard was told of her husbands untimely  death on a train and then to find out that he was not dead after all, was more deadly than how you tell it versus what actually happened. Be careful with delicacy and preparation when delivering a message to a sick listener with a heart condition or it can cause further damage. Freedom and confinement deals with how she was suppressed in marriage, having a bad heart, confined to home and suddenly given freedom of it all by her husband passing and just as the freedom was given to her it was taken away with seeing her husband alive. It was all about feeling the joy of freedom which was yanked from her upon reaching of the husband healthy and alive (Jamil, 2009). Time in this story happens so fast by changing things drastically and dramatically in under a hour. Mrs. Mallard only had less than a hour to process the news of husband passing. In that time she thought of grief and moved quickly into what life by herself would be like. Once seeing the supposedly dead husband alive, just shattered her new images and dreams of a new life. Last there is the mortality which is powerful and told the wrong way will deliver a lethal dosage. Finding out that a person died can be horrific but discovering that it is not true could be worst. The tables turned so soon on Mrs. Mallards complex, emotional reaction that it caused her death instead. The final thought of her freedom from the marriage being taken away was too much for her to handle. One of the literary elements that contributed to the themes was the point of view. There was the use of omniscient third-person so the reader got to understanding of the story by more than just the main character. This was great since to have different views of what or how things were explained throughout the story. The omniscient third-person narrative voice of understanding, compassionate, freeing made it easier to deal with Mrs. Mallards behavior and thoughts with at least sensible reasoning. For example, There was something coming to her and she was waiting for it, fearfully. What was it? She did not know; it was too subtle and elusive to name. But she felt it, creeping out of the sky, reaching toward her through the sounds, the scents, the color that filled the air. (9) Even though Mrs. Mallard was not forced into her dysfunctional marriage, the way out was not so nice, but the feelings she had were chasing her down. Mrs. Mallard has finally free after her husbands death and freedom was scary along with  being exciting altogether. Because this was written in third person, the thought of her being sort of selfish, uncaring or most of all not in love with her husband would have made the story much different to swallow. The second literary term to contribute with the flow of the themes was through the tone. In this story the description of Mrs. Mallard in a lifetime of emotional torment, dawning comprehension. liberating, that ended in ironic detachment. Mrs. Mallard brushes off the idea of love and marriage for the wonderful and glorious idea of at last freedom. The other characters around her such as her sister Josephine and Richards which is the husbands friend though she was crying her eyes out over the death of her husband and she was actually relieved to be a free woman. At the end, it was understood that she died from sudden shock of seeing her supposedly dead husband alive after all joy that kills (23). The only piece of the puzzle that is left unanswered for sure is what really killed her and the narrator left that up to the reader to decide. In conclusion, in order for a short story to be successful there must be well organized literary elements to support the theme. With a strong point of view and well understood tone the flow of the story with go over well with your audience just as it did for The Story of an Hour. References Chopin, K. (1894). The Story of an Hour. Vogue, pp. 1-3 Clugston, R. W. (2014). Journey into literature (2nd ed.). San Diego, California: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Jamil, S, S. (2009). Emotions in The Story of an Hour' Explicator. pp. 215-220. Retrieved from EBSCO hosting. Radek, K. (2001). Women in the Nineteenth Century. Women in Literature. Retrieved from: http://www2.ivcc.edu/gen2002/women_in_the_nineteenth_century.htm.

Explanation Of Multi Camera Production Media Essay

Explanation Of Multi Camera Production Media Essay During the beginning of the second semester of multi camera production we were introduced to the News Production. News in the media refers to the sector of mass media that mainly focuses on the current news to the public. As broadcasting news is watched all over the world and the number one news channel is the BBC. The BBC is widely broadcasted all over the world covering range of stories for the public interest. News is often reported by a number of sources, such as newspapers, television and radio programs, wire services, and web sites. News coverage is a kind of reporting normally written or transmits in news styles. Most news is investigated and presented by journalists and can be shared to various outlets. As technology has come a long way it has come into the work place of the news broadcasting, as news is covered from all areas of the world and anywhere and anytime journalists have to think on their feet as some stories they may cover do not allow a news crew and cameras at a particular scene. Journalists are prone to use their mobile phones to cover breaking news in certain countries; the main purpose of news is to get the story which is very important rather than the quality. The story is the important key to news broadcasting as it is essential to the viewers even if it may not be as good quality and filmed by a video phone. Through researching and in lectures, BBC is the most factually based and straight news channel, as its very different to any other news in Britain and USA. For example CNN and Fox news in the USA looks more set up and planned out, it is usually over the top and an exaggerated show, repeating same stories in different ways as they are also in competition with each other. However ITV news is mainly the same stories as the BBC but it is more commercial based news rather than the facts and straight to the story as it would drag. From having an introduction session in the news room, has given me more of an insight how the news works and how it is set up to gather much information to broadcast to the viewers. Through the tutorial session of the News Room, I have learnt everything in news is on demand and fast all editing is done by three main editors, photo, audio and video editors to get the perfect story. This is something that I would like to get into as its very challenging and putting up with pressure and delivering on a deadline. The newsroom is the heart of the news-gathering process. The newsroom is controlled by the news editor, who supervises this whole process. The news editor complies a dairy of jobs; brief the reporter who will do them; monitors the days or weeks work. (i.e. checks it while it is going on); checks the finished stories, liaises with the photographers and illustrators and answers queries. The news editor also keeps the editor and the chief sub-editor informed on how the work is progressing.   [1]   Through my own research of how a news room is set up I established that its usually a multi camera shoot using one or more cameras. In a news room they would use a CGI camera as they would use it for the blue screen for the background of the presenters and also for the weather. Its important for the news room to have all the monitors on for the presenters especially for the sports or weather, for highlights so they can keep talking to the video to see what they are doing. To get one of the best stories for any journalist they would have to go undercover in some parts of the world whether they are covering war stories or a prohibited area. For example undercover reporting is a journalist posing as someone friendly to the community, like Humphrey Hawksley. A well experienced news reporter working for the BBC for reporting all over the worlds current affair stories. He has reported all over Asia, one of the stories he covered was in the Philippines was the violence and torture. After reporting this he had received death threats himself, so this shows, to get the best stories what pressure and conditions you would have to go through. Undercover reporting from Zimbabwe is a risky business. Add to the mix a close encounter with one of President Mugabes most feared supporters and, as Ian Pannell discovered, it becomes a brief glimpse of the terror that many people in the country are living through.  [2]   As from the quote above Ian Panell is faced with a close encounter with President Mugabe as he was covering the most powerful man in Zimbabwe. Reporters will do anything to make the stories over dramatic for the viewers no matter what conditions and situations they are put through. Also in the beginning of the second semester we had to get into teams of three to four as we had to pitch our idea for a two minute VT, for the second years entertainment show called According to man. A four part series for men, its a magazine style show that focuses on all men interests, the show has continuous structure of two inserts and guests on each show. For our part as first years we had to produce a two to three minute section that will fit in with their show. As the show is comical and the look they are going for is a Top Gear style and will be using tongue and cheek humour. For this to be a winning insert my team and I went for the fitness route for men, as all men like to be fit and this will go with the show well. Our idea was called Flex Those Pecks. Flex those pecks is approximately a three minute VT that forces on men bodies and how psychical in shape they really are and during their day to day lifestyle. They were impressed with the idea but it was too vague. As we also had done research that contained facts and figures to go with the idea. We didnt have a power point presentation to show more in detailed information of what flex those pecks was all about, by not having a power point to present, clearly let us down but we had positive feedback that will taken on for future pitches to come. The winning pitch was Hang Over Cures. For this we had one guest presenter to talk to our guests that had been drunk that night before and filmed so we can play this in our insert, the thirty seconded VT showed two of our guest getting drunk the night before. They would have to try two different hang over cures and then the two guests will be in the studio to see if it had made any difference to them within the twenty four hours. It clearly showed that Charless hang over cure didnt work and Charlies did take an affect. The unique quality of an electronic camera is its ability to produce a picture that can be instantly transmitted. Multi camera coverage entails a production technique which involves a number of people perfecting their individual contribution in a production group simultaneously as the event is transmitted. To coordinate such a group activity, it is essential to plan a d have some measure of rehearsal before transmission or rely on standard production conventions which are understood by everyone involved.  [3]   We all had our specific roles within the production to make it run smoothly we all had tutorials enabling us to be prepared as this was an important piece for the second years as they will be using our insert for their magazine show. One of the roles that I had taken upon in the production was Autocue. Autocue is a teleprompter that is connected to two or more cameras in the studio where it allows the presenters to read off the autocue as they were looking straight at the camera. The way the autocue works it prompts the presenter or speaker in front of the camera with visual text of a script, this is similar by using cue cards. The two way mirror in front of the lens of the camera reflective on the screen by a video monitor where the script is, and the presenters eyes are on the two way mirror where they are reading it from. Television technologically has evolved over the years from having cardboard cue cards to having autocue from the camera to have it in various fonts, colours and languages. Todays television prompters have evolved from the 1955 autocue as flat screen computer driven units that displays text using all the benefits of scalable true type fonts in any language or colour, including Hindi, Chinese or Japanese.  [4]   I felt confident using the autocue as its very simple to use, as you would need to keep in time with the presenter and how fast he or she speaks. Setting up the autocue was fairly simple as its done on the computer with autocue software which is in a script format and I could make changes to it as when the camera is rolling, which I had to do in last few minutes by adding the shows web address. The autocue program allows you to copy and paste text from any word processing program to the prompter has all of the features that you will need to do a successful video shoot. When reviewing the final show on its own and how it adapted to the According to Man, it fitted well with their show as their main target audience. However when reviewing the full series of According to Man it contrasted the show well; yet the presenter for our insert looked more childish than to be serving to drinks and didnt quite fit into the men magazine show. Furthermore the camera work was inadequate in some parts and the lighting of the studio was too bright, but the VT that we filmed them getting drunk the night before really fitted well with our insert as the audience could understand the concept as it were a little experiment. Overall I thought this insert went well as we worked professionally and gained vast skills from the first production we had done and adapted new ideas into making it an original three minute piece. This gave me a better understanding of what people in the industry are looking for as we just had to produce a three minute insert for a particular show and how they will change parts of your script and ideas to make it fit their show. Finally multiple camera setups is a way of shooting films and television programs, such as sitcoms like Friends, Everybody Loves Raymond, Frasier, only Fools and Horses and many more. Multi camera filming was set up to capture the multiple shots in a single take without having to start and stop the action. This would also reduce the time spent on editing the footage as the some programs that are to be shown in a short time. It is also an essential for shows like daily soap operas from saving editing time, scenes may be shot far more quickly as there is no requirement for the show to re-light and the set-up of alternating camera angles for the scene to be shot again from different position. This also reduces the difficulty of tracking continuity issues that crop up when the scene is reshot from the different angles. It is also fundamental for live television such as news reporting. Most sitcoms are normally 30 minutes long, it is necessary that the plot line to be quite tight. Winning plots will naturally fall within a family or workplace setting or some mixture of the two. Within this setting, there are two parts to the storylines in which you can call part A and part B. Part A of the storyline would be the main plot of the sitcom. The A story would usually run right through the show and wont come to an end until the final scene. The B storyline is the second part of the sitcom. It would depend on how many characters you would have in the cast; there can be other side line stories such as C, D, and so on. If you throw in a hook or plot twist and you have a show. For example Friends and Fresh Prince of Bel Air is a more long established looking sitcom usually shot in front of a studio audience. In most cases you will see four cameras shooting a scene simultaneously, giving the producers four possible angles and possibly using a crane camera. The way the sitcom would we set up is that you have four cameras two on either side or usually wide shots two in the middle a close up and some cases a crane. As sitcoms with a live audience they have different locations within the studio to set the each scene like the Fresh Prince of Bel Air.

Reality versus Illusion in Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Essay

Reality versus Illusion in Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In his play, The American Dream, Edward Albee unveils a tortured family that is symbolic of the reality beneath the illusion of the American dream.   In Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf, Albee takes a more traditional approach than the theater of the absurd, and his language is more natural, but he returns to this theme with a vengeance.   For in all of drama there are few plays about domestic relationships that are as caustic, violent and as poisoned with the milk of human bitterness, cynicism and pessimism as is Woolf.   The story regards George and Martha, a married couple (he a history professor and she the University President's daughter).   Verbally and emotionally George and Martha are as skilled at cutting each other without going for the final kill as much as a professional torturer trained to prolong his victim's agony.   Into this volley of abuse come Nick and Honey, a young couple who also share a vision of the "American dream," but Albee portrays Nick as the victor in his battles with George because George is of the old school and Nick has already been indoctrinated into the new American culture of capitalism for its own sake.      The theme of the play, other than touching on the disillusionment of the American dream for the younger generation, and a robotic-like acceptance of the evolved "capitalized" version by the older generation, is that each of the characters in the play, like each of us in real life, are destined to struggle through our own personal hell, a struggle that we face alone "It becomes clear that each character is engaged in an isolated struggle through a personal hell" (Murphy 1113).   The plot centers around George and Martha's p... ...e his themes in the play.   Truth versus illusion, reality versus perception, and union versus inability to come together are the main themes the author chooses to highlight throughout the work.   In the end, once all illusions have been stripped or peeled away, Martha and George have a chance to come together in an effort to save their marriage.   As Martha says to end the play in response to George's singing "Who's afraid of Virginia Woolf"; "I...am...George...I...am..." (Albee 242).   Only from this point of truth can George and Martha hope to save their troubled marriage.    WORKS   CITED Albee, E.   Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?.   New York:   Signet, 1962. Carter, S.   Albee's 'Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?"   The Explicator.   Vol. 56.   June 22, 1998, 215-218. Murphy, B, ed.   Benet's Reader's Encyclopedia.   New York:   HarperCollins Publishers, 1996.

Growth of Online Shopping Around the World Essay -- Technology, Amazon

Introduction When Amazon.com launched its online retailing strategy in 1995 and began to reap benefits, many analysts viewed doing business and shopping online with great optimism (Denise, 2004). They anticipated for a day when people would be able to order their shopping items from the comfort of their homes. Consequently, customers would see little or no need at all to physically visit traditional in-stores to make their purchases. It is now a decade and a half down the line and online shopping has taken the business world by storm with more and more companies opting to test the sweet waters of online retailing. Analysts foresee a rapid growth of online shopping in the next decade or so though some reports still show a significant number of consumers across the world who have never attempted to do their shopping online. The growth in popularity of online shopping points to the presence of certain advantages, which are not available in traditional shopping. At the same time, it alludes to the existence of differences between the two types of shopping. This paper shall discuss the growth of online shopping around the world and provide statistical evidence of this growth in the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom. It shall also elucidate the differences between online shopping and traditional shopping. The Internet has significantly transformed how consumers shop for goods or services. While traditional in-store shopping still dominates in some industries in various countries, it has done little to increase convenience, efficiency, and ease of shopping and making travel arrangements. According to a survey conducted by the Nielsen Company in March 2010, there are some products that are universally bought online ... ...d shoppers have to keep themselves up to date with the ever evolving technology. On the other hand, technology used to facilitate traditional in-store shopping has remained the same for many years and does not change as often as is the case in online shopping. Online shopping is not dependent on geogaphical location as transactions can take place across borders. Consequently, access to items offered by retailers is not impeded by factors related to geographical location. In other words, consumers whether local, regional, or international can shop anywhere in the world through the Internet. On the other hand, traditional shopping is limited by geographical considerations. As a result, the number of customers who are able to access the premises may be greatly determined by the location (Differences Between Online Retail & Traditional Retail Businesses, 2007).

Market penetration Market development Essay

Beiersdorf has expanded in each possible direction. Market penetration is demonstrated by NIVEA Lip Care products, which have been extended with new variants. The latest of these (Pearl and Shine) became the market leader in 2003. An example of product development is Visage Soft Facial Cleansing Wipes. Market research showed that women were looking for a new way to clean and tone their skin. The Wipes quickly took the number one spot in the UK wipes market market. Market development is demonstrated by the launch of NIVEA deodorant into the UK and new markets in Europe. The UK launch was into a market dominated by Unilever. Following market research, NIVEA entered this market in a more specialist skincaring segment, positioning the deodorant so that it had the same values as the NIVEA cream. Diversification is shown by the development of NIVEA FOR MEN. This built on the strong brand. It recognised that men also used facecare products. The product range included shaving foam and gel, aftershave and moisturising lotion. Introduction Beiersdorf is the skincare business behind leading brands such as NIVEA, Atrixo and Elastoplast. Beiersdorf’s first product was NIVEA Cream, the first modern cosmetic product, now used by an estimated one billion people worldwide. Beiersdorf has helped to stay ahead of competition over the last ten years by growing the business. Growth Business growth can be measured by how it increases sales turnover, profits, market share, number and range of products, geographical spread or its number of employees. Businesses can grow from inside, by increasing their product range, or from outside, by acquiring other businesses. Beiersdorf has concentrated on the first route, called organic growth. It has developed new products; established in new countries and expanded market share in its established markets. Its growth focuses on a relatively small number of key brands. Conclusion Beiersdorf is Europe’s leading skincare company. It has competed effectively by continually growing both its products and its markets. Ansoff ’s matrix Business writer Igor Ansoff suggested four possible directions for growth. Businesses can grow by selling: ââ€"â€" More of their present products in present markets – market penetration. ââ€"â€" New products into present markets – product development. ââ€"â€" More of their present products into new markets – market development. ââ€"â€" New products into new markets – diversification. Ansoff showed these in a table. Any of these, or a combination, can be used for expansion.

Economics †Genetically Modified Food Essay

Introduction In this essay, arguments will be presented which agree and disagree with the question that ‘genetically modified crops are the only way to feed the world’. Genetically modified (GM) foods are made from genetically modified organisms (GMO). Examples of genetically modified organisms include animals, plants and bacteria. The genetic makeup of GMOs are further altered by making specific changes to their DNA and this is done by genetic engineering. Developing nations of India and Africa will be explored in their outlooks on the pros and cons of GM crops and will illustrate how this effects demand and supply. The conclusion will provide a statement which reflects the benefits of GM technology but how care must be taken to ensure the highest level of safety to human and environmental health. In support of genetically modified crops Support for the concept that GM crops are the only way to feed the world take this viewpoint for a number of reasons, one which includes that by increasing the production in supply, the demand for foods will be met by those who are currently experiencing food shortages. Food shortages are an ever increasing problem in third-world countries, including India and Africa. A major cause of food-shortages in these countries comes from there rapidly expanding populations. The increasing demand for food puts pressure to produce and provide more. For this reason, third-world countries face several agricultural challenges. Mangala Rai, Secretary of the Indian Department of Agricultural Research and Education, expressed that production food of from less land would be achieved only through the widespread use of GM crops. Mr Rai understands there is resistance to this concept however stresses that it will solve the desperate state India is in. (, September 2007). Although India is reported to be the second largest producer of wheat, in 2006 and 2007 they imported mass amounts of grain to meet the gap between supply and demand. India’s government took action and approved trials in GM cotton crops and this resulted in India surpassing the United States to become the second biggest producer of cotton in 2006 and 2007. (, February 2008). Researchers from University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Bonn in Germany reported results from farm trials conducted in India, that GM cotton crops dramatically increased yields and considerably reduced pesticide use compared with non-GM crops. ( February 2003). After experiencing great success with GM cotton, C. D Mayee, a senior scientist, and chairman for Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board said, ‘India’s first expected GM food crop is brinjal. Field trials of GM brinjal started in August 2007 and is expected to be commercialised by 2009’. ( February 2008). Similar challenges regarding GM crops were experienced with Africa, which we will illustrate next. In 2002 and 2003, many African countries including Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Lesotho, Swaziland and Zimbabwe were affected with a major food crisis. Unless food aid worth over US $507 million was distributed, it was estimated that 13 million people would suffer extreme starvation by the end of the year. There was initial concern from these countries to accept GM foods from the World Food Programme (WFP); however these countries (excluding Zambia who decided to its satisfaction that GM food aid was not necessary to meet the needs of Zambia’s population and secured non-GM from other sources) national governments elected to accept the GM grain, agreeing that the most important factor to prioritise was the need to alleviate hunger and this outweighed any other concerns. Clive James, chairman of the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications, said, ‘India can become self sufficient in food production by use of biotechnology in food crops’. He went on to further say, ‘The biggest risk associated with this technology in India is not using it’. (, February 2008). In support of the distribution and production of GM crops throughout Africa is biotechnologist Dr. Wynand van der Walt ( February 2003). He said the GM function offers opportunities to ensure food security in Africa and that there is no evidence to suggest that it poses a negative threat to human health or the environment. Over 3 billion people on all continents consume foods from GM crops and no proven cases suggest their hazardousness. Dr. Wynand van der Walt (February 2003) stated the following: We have high food prices and high food insecurity. We cannot wait for long term policy discussions. The urgency is now and all of us have an obligation to go out and communicate and counter the misinformation we face every day about GM crops. Graph (a) illustrates the relationship between price and foods from GM crops: [pic] Foods from GM crops are less expensive than foods from non-GM crops. Demand for food is high (D), and supplies of food from GM crops is high (S). Against genetically modified crops Those against the argument that GM crops are the only way to feed the world debate this point of view for a multitude of reasons, some which include the potential negative human and environmental impact. Although certain governments from developing countries like India and Africa support and have agreed to accept foods from GM crops as a way to feed their rapidly growing population, passionate anti-GM activists from these same countries strongly oppose its application and have put pressure on political parties to ban GM technology. In 2006, a large informal network representing organisations and individuals from more than 15 states of India was formed called â€Å"Coalition for GM Free India† (. April 2008). Members of this coalition believe that farmers’ science and knowledge, especially with regard to ecological farming, is the only sustainable way forward for farming in India. Their aim is to raise awareness and educate the general public, the media and civil society groups of the destructiveness of GM crops. The Coalition organised a meeting in Hyderabad where over 250 people took part to protest against the use of GM in their food, including farmers and consumers who have directly suffered from the GM cotton crops including those who have experienced huge financial losses, allergies while working in GM cotton crop fields and others who have lost their livestock that grazed on GM cotton crops. There has been a huge outcry from the Indian people to their government to cease GM crop trials. In support of the ban against GM foods in India is leading scientist Dr P M Bhargava (, July 2008). He stated the following: The problem is that no one knows what effect these foods will have on us. In animals, we have a good idea about their possible ill-effects. In science, we collect evidence on the basis of which we make predictions. All our predictions so far are not in favour of GM foods unless they are tested extensively and exhaustively, which they are not today. Experts are crying themselves hoarse; it is for the Indian government to listen. If all our politicians and scientists were committed to their country, not a single GM product would have been permitted in India as of today. I would say that as of today we do not have reasonably conclusive evidence that GM foods are safe. We should therefore exercise the precautionary principle and ban their use unless incontrovertible evidence regarding their long-term safety is obtained, which would take 10 to 25 years. It is a pity that alternatives to GM crops such as integrated pest management and the use of bio-pesticides, which are cheaper and better, and organic agriculture, are being ignored by our government in spite of the enormous evidence in their favour. Objection of accepting GM crops was Zambia of Africa which we will point to next. National government officials (NGOs) of Zambia were sceptical in accepting the GM food-aid from the WFP in their time of famine. Though they did ultimately reject the GM food from WFP, they did not do so before carrying out a thorough investigation. An expert delegation was assigned to travel to the United States and the European Union where they met with the biotechnology industry, government food safety officials, academic scientists and NGOs with an interest in and expertise on GM food safety issues. From these meetings, it was determined that the risks related with the GM maize were greater than Zambia was comfortable with and declined the WFP food-aid. ( October 2004) Although the Zambian government were under enormous pressure to accept GM grain, their stance was supported by several Zambian and regional non-governmental organisations, including Consumers International (CI) and the Zambian Consumer Association (ZACA) which ignited a campaign to press for alternatives food supplies to be made available to the country. In its campaign, CI lobbied the WFP to explore alternatives for supplying Zambia with non-GM grain from countries where such grain was available. There is very little scientific information regarding the long term health risks derived from GM crops and for this reason, many opinions are formed on the ethical stance that GM food implies. Some of these include the dependence on industrialised nations by developing countries, tampering with nature by mixing genes among species, and labelling of GM crops are not mandatory in some countries, including the United States. With so much uncertainly associated to GM crops and with retrospective gained regarding the famine threat to Zambia in 2002 and 2003, CI provided some recommendations including (. October 2004): (i) That the WFP and the U. S. Agency for International Development should immediately stop exerting pressure on affected developing country governments and presenting these countries with a misleading scenario of ‘No Choice. ‘ (ii) That the WFP and all donors should provide real choices (i. e. , sources of non-GM food aid) to any country that rejects or restricts GM food aid. Failure to do so renders the WFP’s long-standing recognition of the â€Å"the right to choose† meaningless. The WFP has a duty to actively seek options for providing non-GM foods that are in fact available to countries that prefer the non-GM alternative. (iii) The WFP should put in place additional mechanisms that enable it to respond appropriately to situations where recipient countries impose restrictions on the acceptance of GM food aid. For example, the preferences of recipient countries should be ascertained in advance of a crisis, so that planning could emphasize making the supply of food sources with different characteristics (e.g. , GM/non-GM) roughly match the expected demand. (iv). Consumer organizations in developing countries should inform themselves on the scientific, economic, trade, ethical and other aspects of the debate over GM foods and crops, so that they may constructively engage with their governments when a national risk analysis on this issue is required. Graph (b) illustrates the relationship between price and foods from non-GM crops: [pic] Foods from non-GM crops are more expensive than foods from non-GM crops. Demand for food is high (D), and supplies of food from non-GM crops is low (S). Conclusion The production of food from GM crops certainly proven scientifically that it has the capability of solving many of the worlds food-shortage problems as was illustrated in our examples in the developing nations of India and Africa. However to depend on it as being the only way to feed the world would be hasty, especially as there is little data reporting of its long term affects on the human race and the environment. In saying that, to ignore proven potentially beneficial technology would be a careless. Whilst our advancement in technology is commendable, we must proceed with care to avoid unintentional impairment on human health or the environment. List of References Layton, A, Robinson, T & Tucker, IB 2009, Economics for today, 3rd edn, Cengage Learning Australia, South Melbourne, Victoria. Environmental Graffiti, ‘GM Crops only way for India to feed itself, says Government’, May 2007, viewed 23 September 2009, . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2009, viewed 17 September 2009, . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2009, viewed 17 September 2009, . Foundation for Biotechnology Awareness and Education, The Political Saga of GM Crops in India, 2008, viewed 25 September 2009. Genetically modified crops in India produced greater yields, reduced pesticide use, new study finds, February 2003, viewed 25 September 2009, . Human Genome Project Information, August 2006, viewed 19 September 2009, . International Food Policy Research Institute, Status of Genetically Modified: What is Being Grown and Where, May 2009, viewed 26 September 2009. May-June 2009, ‘Introduction food crisis in the Americas. (REPORT: FOOD CRISIS)’ NACLA Report on the Americas, vol. 42, no. 3, p. 15(1), viewed 18 September 2009, Business Economics and Theory. Gale. Search me! economics, Gale Document Number: A199854228 Guterman, Lisa, 2000, ‘Scientists leave the lab to defend bioengineered food’ The Chronicle of Higher Education vol. 46, no. 32, p. A29(4), viewed 20 September 2009, Business Economics and Theory. Gale. Search me! economics. Gale Document Number: A61878337 World Food Programme, 2009, viewed 25 September.

The Risky Us High School Behavior, Drug Abuse and Alcohol Impairment Essay

The Risky Us High School Behavior, Drug Abuse and Alcohol Impairment - Essay Example The researchers randomized the two groups of the participants; the students were selected from the high school and screened for the driving license allowing the independent, uncontrolled and unsupervised driving activity. It was distributed 30 days before the period of the study and a survey for 15-week of the research carried out on the vehicle that served instrumental in the period. The parent provided the consent and the privacy of the participants and data protected by the certificate of confidentiality.The collected data or the demographic factors were analyzed using the multivariate sequential logistic regression. The treatment group provided the immediate feedback information of the green lights without the effect of the gravitational force as well as flashing lights after an occurrence of an event. The treatment group – lights plus received the feedback from the light only and the feedback sent by the parents indicating the risks and the score for the week.The events w ere not significantly different between the two groups and showed that the calculated measure of central tendency and measures of variation were higher in light plus group in relative comparison to the first group throughout the period. Lights plus group involved themselves in the few events. Thirteen percent of the sampled students were reported to drive while impaired (DWI) in the period of study. Evaluation and recorded events showed that 74% of the lights only group made the sharp cornering while 10% applied the hard braking.